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Background <p>Although evidence links particulate matter exposure to anemia, research focused on women remains scarce. This study investigates the risk of anemia associated with PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure among Nepalese women of reproductive age.</p> Methods <p>This study used nationally representative data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, including a sample of 4133 women of reproductive age. Anemia was defined according to WHO guidelines (blood hemoglobin levels &lt;12 g/dl for non-pregnant women and &lt;11 g/dl for pregnant women), and mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure data were obtained from the national air quality monitoring department.</p> Results <p>Here we show that higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure is associated with an increased risk of anemia among Nepalese women. Weighted regression models revealed a consistent inverse relationship between PM<sub>2.5</sub> and blood hemoglobin levels (<i>β</i>, 95% CI: −0.161, −0.228 ~ −0.099). Each 10-µg/m³ increase in PM<sub>2.5</sub> resulted in a 29% greater risk of anemia (OR, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.14–1.42). The associated risk was more pronounced among women with lower educational attainment and those residing in mountainous regions.</p> Conclusions <p>This study provides substantial evidence linking air pollution to anemia in women of reproductive age, underscoring the urgent need for targeted health interventions and stricter air quality regulations in low-resource settings.</p> <p></p>

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Estimating the risk of anemia associated with PM2.5 exposure in Nepalese women of reproductive age

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Shiva Raj Acharya,
  • Jeevan Bhatta

摘要

Background

Although evidence links particulate matter exposure to anemia, research focused on women remains scarce. This study investigates the risk of anemia associated with PM2.5 exposure among Nepalese women of reproductive age.

Methods

This study used nationally representative data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, including a sample of 4133 women of reproductive age. Anemia was defined according to WHO guidelines (blood hemoglobin levels <12 g/dl for non-pregnant women and <11 g/dl for pregnant women), and mean PM2.5 exposure data were obtained from the national air quality monitoring department.

Results

Here we show that higher PM2.5 exposure is associated with an increased risk of anemia among Nepalese women. Weighted regression models revealed a consistent inverse relationship between PM2.5 and blood hemoglobin levels (β, 95% CI: −0.161, −0.228 ~ −0.099). Each 10-µg/m³ increase in PM2.5 resulted in a 29% greater risk of anemia (OR, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.14–1.42). The associated risk was more pronounced among women with lower educational attainment and those residing in mountainous regions.

Conclusions

This study provides substantial evidence linking air pollution to anemia in women of reproductive age, underscoring the urgent need for targeted health interventions and stricter air quality regulations in low-resource settings.