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<p>India has pledged to halve nitrogen (N) waste by 2030, but a comprehensive system-scale budget is required to identify existing inefficiencies in agricultural N use. Here, we present an Environmentally Extended Input–Output model that leveraged data from literature and institutional repositories to quantify N inputs, flows, and losses across cropland, livestock, and aquaculture sectors. Estimated nitrogen use efficiency in 2020 varied for cropland (56%), aquaculture (20%), and livestock (8%). Only 50% of the applied agriculture N was converted to useful products (food, feed, fuel, non-food); while the rest was lost as Nr (17% NH₃, 16% runoff, 7% leaching, 5% NO<sub>x</sub>, 1.5% N<sub>2</sub>O). Quantified emission estimates have high uncertainties (&lt;±54%) due to limitations in the underpinning activity and emission factors data. Findings suggest that while current production meets N demand, reducing Nr losses will require integrated agricultural-nutrition policies and improved production efficiencies to reconcile India’s food production and environmental sustainability.</p><p></p>

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National-scale nitrogen budgets reveal large inefficiencies in Indian agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月22日

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  • Deepakshi Babbar,
  • Srinidhi Balasubramanian

摘要

India has pledged to halve nitrogen (N) waste by 2030, but a comprehensive system-scale budget is required to identify existing inefficiencies in agricultural N use. Here, we present an Environmentally Extended Input–Output model that leveraged data from literature and institutional repositories to quantify N inputs, flows, and losses across cropland, livestock, and aquaculture sectors. Estimated nitrogen use efficiency in 2020 varied for cropland (56%), aquaculture (20%), and livestock (8%). Only 50% of the applied agriculture N was converted to useful products (food, feed, fuel, non-food); while the rest was lost as Nr (17% NH₃, 16% runoff, 7% leaching, 5% NOx, 1.5% N2O). Quantified emission estimates have high uncertainties (<±54%) due to limitations in the underpinning activity and emission factors data. Findings suggest that while current production meets N demand, reducing Nr losses will require integrated agricultural-nutrition policies and improved production efficiencies to reconcile India’s food production and environmental sustainability.