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<p>The impact of runoff components on the sensitivity of stream temperature to air temperature remains unclear in alpine watersheds. Here we developed a distributed watershed model to capture essential hydrological-thermal processes in alpine watersheds and quantify runoff components impact in a Qinghai-Tibetan watershed. Between 1990 and 2023, runoff accounted for 56.5% of the stream temperature, with rainfall being the main contributor, followed by glacier melt, groundwater, and snowmelt. Under a high-emission scenario, the contribution of groundwater to stream temperature is projected to increase from 7.4% to 17.8% by 2100, accompanied by a declining contribution from air temperature, leading to spring and winter warming. Although the contribution of rainfall is projected to decrease from 36.0% to 28.0%, increased precipitation will lead to higher stream temperatures in summer. In source regions, the contribution of glacier melt, estimated at 15.0%, mitigates summer warming, whereas the impact of snowmelt remains limited.</p>

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Flow composition mediates the sensitivity to air temperature of streams in a Qinghai-Tibetan watershed

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Mengru Wei,
  • Tao Feng,
  • Qiuwen Chen,
  • Jianyun Zhang,
  • Xingcheng Yan,
  • Ruxia Qiao,
  • Yufeng Ren

摘要

The impact of runoff components on the sensitivity of stream temperature to air temperature remains unclear in alpine watersheds. Here we developed a distributed watershed model to capture essential hydrological-thermal processes in alpine watersheds and quantify runoff components impact in a Qinghai-Tibetan watershed. Between 1990 and 2023, runoff accounted for 56.5% of the stream temperature, with rainfall being the main contributor, followed by glacier melt, groundwater, and snowmelt. Under a high-emission scenario, the contribution of groundwater to stream temperature is projected to increase from 7.4% to 17.8% by 2100, accompanied by a declining contribution from air temperature, leading to spring and winter warming. Although the contribution of rainfall is projected to decrease from 36.0% to 28.0%, increased precipitation will lead to higher stream temperatures in summer. In source regions, the contribution of glacier melt, estimated at 15.0%, mitigates summer warming, whereas the impact of snowmelt remains limited.