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<p>Freshwater salinization is an emerging and largely unregulated threat to drinking water security. We identify three dominant, seasonally distinct sources of rising sodium in a drinking water supply serving 1 million people: (1) road deicers, which elevate reservoir sodium in winter, with detectable impacts at watershed impervious cover as low as 3%; (2) reclaimed water, which increases sodium during summer low flows when dilution is minimal; and (3) the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), which adds NaOH to neutralize acidity from coagulation and in-reservoir microbial processes. In this social-ecological-technological system (SETS), salinization is tied to population growth, impervious cover, sodium-rich waste streams, nitrogen management, reservoir biogeochemistry, and DWTP operations. Framing drinking water salinization as a SETS challenge integrates behavioral and biophysical drivers with engineering and governance responses, providing a framework for adaptation in One Water systems.</p><p></p>

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Social-ecological-technological drivers of freshwater salinization in the Occoquan Reservoir, United States

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Stanley B. Grant,
  • Shantanu V. Bhide,
  • Anne Spiesman,
  • Shalini Misra,
  • Megan A. Rippy,
  • Christopher S. Galik,
  • Thomas A. Birkland,
  • Todd Schenk,
  • Sujay S. Kaushal,
  • Peter Vikesland,
  • William Knocke,
  • Admin Husic,
  • Harold Post,
  • Chad Coneway,
  • Greg Prelewicz,
  • Brian Steglitz,
  • Bethany Laursen,
  • Kristin Rowles,
  • Shannon Curtis,
  • Ashley Studholme

摘要

Freshwater salinization is an emerging and largely unregulated threat to drinking water security. We identify three dominant, seasonally distinct sources of rising sodium in a drinking water supply serving 1 million people: (1) road deicers, which elevate reservoir sodium in winter, with detectable impacts at watershed impervious cover as low as 3%; (2) reclaimed water, which increases sodium during summer low flows when dilution is minimal; and (3) the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), which adds NaOH to neutralize acidity from coagulation and in-reservoir microbial processes. In this social-ecological-technological system (SETS), salinization is tied to population growth, impervious cover, sodium-rich waste streams, nitrogen management, reservoir biogeochemistry, and DWTP operations. Framing drinking water salinization as a SETS challenge integrates behavioral and biophysical drivers with engineering and governance responses, providing a framework for adaptation in One Water systems.