A meta-coupling analysis between three-dimensional urbanization and ecosystem services in China’s urban agglomerations
摘要
Rapid urbanization exacerbates conflicts between land expansion and ecosystem preservation, particularly in urban agglomerations, posing challenges to sustainable urban development. Nevertheless, existing research often overlooks the three-dimensional urbanization process. Here we established a framework for coupling coordination degree analysis based on meta-coupling theory to explore relationships between three-dimensional urbanization (both horizontal and vertical dimensions) and multiple ecosystem services, using 19 major urban agglomerations in China from 2005 to 2020 as case studies. The results reveal that, although the coupling coordination degree has generally improved, some urban agglomerations (e.g., Chengdu-Chongqing and Qianzhong) have experienced degradation, and several western and inland regions show persistent or worsening imbalances. Differences between regions are the main contributors to overall variation, yet cross-regional coupling coordination is strengthening. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening inter-regional cooperation by leveraging the spillover influence of advanced cities to support resource sharing—such as ecological data, technology, and restoration funding—and policy alignment in land-use planning and ecological compensation, thereby supporting more balanced and sustainable development.