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<p>Understanding the changing flood magnitude and frequency is crucial for managing flood risks. Current flood projections are hindered by uncertain rainfall changes and inadequate representation of spatial-temporal rainfall characteristics from global climate models. Here we develop a framework for flood projection integrating large ensemble climate model outputs and dynamic downscaling simulations. By unveiling the shifting importance of changes in atmospheric circulation and water vapor to rainfall extremes of varying magnitudes, a scaling ratio is derived to constrain rainfall projections from thermodynamics-perturbed experiments. Applying this framework to the North China Plain, we reveal substantial rainfall increases partially attributed to more favorable synoptic conditions. This leads to a nearly fivefold rise in population exposure to moderate and high flood depths (i.e., 0.5 ~ 2 m). The region with heightened flood risk is spatially offset from that with rainfall increases. These findings highlight an urgency for improved flood risk management in the densely populated region.</p>

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Dynamics-constrained rainfall projection reveals substantial increase in population exposure to unprecedented floods in the North China Plain

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月19日

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  • Long Yang,
  • Jinghan Zhang,
  • Fang Zhao,
  • Daniel Wright,
  • Chao Li,
  • Dai Yamazaki,
  • Xuezhi Tan,
  • Miao Yu,
  • Quan J. Wang,
  • Fuqiang Tian

摘要

Understanding the changing flood magnitude and frequency is crucial for managing flood risks. Current flood projections are hindered by uncertain rainfall changes and inadequate representation of spatial-temporal rainfall characteristics from global climate models. Here we develop a framework for flood projection integrating large ensemble climate model outputs and dynamic downscaling simulations. By unveiling the shifting importance of changes in atmospheric circulation and water vapor to rainfall extremes of varying magnitudes, a scaling ratio is derived to constrain rainfall projections from thermodynamics-perturbed experiments. Applying this framework to the North China Plain, we reveal substantial rainfall increases partially attributed to more favorable synoptic conditions. This leads to a nearly fivefold rise in population exposure to moderate and high flood depths (i.e., 0.5 ~ 2 m). The region with heightened flood risk is spatially offset from that with rainfall increases. These findings highlight an urgency for improved flood risk management in the densely populated region.