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<p>Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting ambient mechanical energy, their practical deployment has been strongly underpinned by their excellent inherent capabilities for ambient mechanical energy harvesting. Phase-shift engineering, which modulates the phase shifts of electrical outputs from multiple TENG units to achieve continuous constant voltage/current output, further unlocking their full potential and boosting energy utilization efficiency and practicality. This review comprehensively summarizes the fundamental principles of phase-shift engineered TENGs, core design strategies (including inter-unit and intra-unit phase-shift designs, as well as charge excitation-coupled phase-shift approaches), and the efficient energy transport characteristics of CV-TENGs derived from phase-shift engineering. Furthermore, it highlights key challenges like precision manufacturing and environmental robustness, along with future directions of multi-energy coupling and high-end application expansion, providing systematic guidance for high-performance, practical CV-TENG development.</p>

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Phase-shift engineered triboelectric nanogenerators for constant-voltage output and efficient energy harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Xinyuan Li,
  • Lijiang Yin,
  • Pengbo Li,
  • Jie Wang

摘要

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a promising technology for harvesting ambient mechanical energy, their practical deployment has been strongly underpinned by their excellent inherent capabilities for ambient mechanical energy harvesting. Phase-shift engineering, which modulates the phase shifts of electrical outputs from multiple TENG units to achieve continuous constant voltage/current output, further unlocking their full potential and boosting energy utilization efficiency and practicality. This review comprehensively summarizes the fundamental principles of phase-shift engineered TENGs, core design strategies (including inter-unit and intra-unit phase-shift designs, as well as charge excitation-coupled phase-shift approaches), and the efficient energy transport characteristics of CV-TENGs derived from phase-shift engineering. Furthermore, it highlights key challenges like precision manufacturing and environmental robustness, along with future directions of multi-energy coupling and high-end application expansion, providing systematic guidance for high-performance, practical CV-TENG development.