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<p>We report transient highly strained structural states in individual palladium (Pd) nanocrystals, electronically heated using an optical laser, which precede their uniform thermal expansion. Using an X-ray free-electron laser probe, the evolution of individual 111 Bragg peaks is measured as a function of delay time at various laser fluences. Above a laser fluence threshold at a sufficient pump-probe delay, the Bragg peak splits into multiple peaks, indicating heterogeneous strain, before returning to a single peak, corresponding to even heat distribution throughout the lattice expanded crystal. Our findings are supported by a lattice displacement and strain model of a single nanocrystal at different delay times, which agrees with the experimental data. Our observations have implications for understanding femtosecond laser interactions with metals and the potential photo-catalytic performance of Pd.</p>

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Ultrafast heat transfer in single palladium nanocrystals seen with an X-ray free-electron laser

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • David Yang,
  • James Wrigley,
  • Jack Griffiths,
  • Longlong Wu,
  • Ana F. Suzana,
  • Jiecheng Diao,
  • Angel Rodriguez-Fernandez,
  • Joerg Hallmann,
  • Alexey Zozulya,
  • Ulrike Boesenberg,
  • Roman Shayduk,
  • Jan-Etienne Pudell,
  • Anders Madsen,
  • Ian K. Robinson

摘要

We report transient highly strained structural states in individual palladium (Pd) nanocrystals, electronically heated using an optical laser, which precede their uniform thermal expansion. Using an X-ray free-electron laser probe, the evolution of individual 111 Bragg peaks is measured as a function of delay time at various laser fluences. Above a laser fluence threshold at a sufficient pump-probe delay, the Bragg peak splits into multiple peaks, indicating heterogeneous strain, before returning to a single peak, corresponding to even heat distribution throughout the lattice expanded crystal. Our findings are supported by a lattice displacement and strain model of a single nanocrystal at different delay times, which agrees with the experimental data. Our observations have implications for understanding femtosecond laser interactions with metals and the potential photo-catalytic performance of Pd.