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<p>Climate change is intensifying urban heat risks, making green infrastructure crucial for heat-stress mitigation. Yet most assessments focus on greenspace coverage rather than realized cooling services, and rarely examine the divergence between the two, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Using remote sensing data and spatial modeling across 29 Chinese cities, we quantified greenspace coverage, cooling efficiency (CE) and cooling capacity at 1-km resolution. Realized cooling capacity did not simply mirror greenspace coverage; spatially heterogeneous CE reshaped how green resources were translated into cooling services. This coverage–capacity divergence was unevenly associated with social groups: higher-price neighborhoods showed greater cooling capacity, areas with larger elderly populations showed weaker alignment in half of the cities, and areas with more children generally experienced more favorable conditions. Allocation simulations further revealed trade-offs between aggregate cooling and distributional outcomes. These findings show that equal greenspace coverage does not guarantee equitable cooling outcomes, shifting assessment from distributional inequality toward service inequity.</p>

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Beyond inequality to inequity: rethinking spatial and population disparities in green cooling effects across China’s major cities

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Shuliang Ren,
  • Zhou Huang,
  • Xiaoqin Yan,
  • Ganmin Yin,
  • Junnan Qi,
  • Yi Bao

摘要

Climate change is intensifying urban heat risks, making green infrastructure crucial for heat-stress mitigation. Yet most assessments focus on greenspace coverage rather than realized cooling services, and rarely examine the divergence between the two, particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries. Using remote sensing data and spatial modeling across 29 Chinese cities, we quantified greenspace coverage, cooling efficiency (CE) and cooling capacity at 1-km resolution. Realized cooling capacity did not simply mirror greenspace coverage; spatially heterogeneous CE reshaped how green resources were translated into cooling services. This coverage–capacity divergence was unevenly associated with social groups: higher-price neighborhoods showed greater cooling capacity, areas with larger elderly populations showed weaker alignment in half of the cities, and areas with more children generally experienced more favorable conditions. Allocation simulations further revealed trade-offs between aggregate cooling and distributional outcomes. These findings show that equal greenspace coverage does not guarantee equitable cooling outcomes, shifting assessment from distributional inequality toward service inequity.