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<p>Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles operate in a nonlinear, anti-Stokes mode, which enables the acquisition of optical signals without background interference. Over the past decade, the exploration of new structures and optical performance in these systems, supported by advanced nanophotonic characterization techniques, has established upconversion as its own research field. Although these investigations highlight the unique photophysics of the current generation of these materials, it is equally important to recognize their transformative potential in cross-disciplinary applications and their potential relevance in addressing global health threats, such as COVID-19. This Review covers fundamental mechanisms and properties of upconverting nanoparticles, explores their emerging photophysical behaviours and highlights their broad biomedical applications in imaging, 3D printing, sensing, diagnostics and therapeutics. Furthermore, we highlight challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for the upconversion field.</p>

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Upconverting nanoparticles for biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Jiajia Zhou,
  • P. James Schuck,
  • Dayong Jin

摘要

Lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles operate in a nonlinear, anti-Stokes mode, which enables the acquisition of optical signals without background interference. Over the past decade, the exploration of new structures and optical performance in these systems, supported by advanced nanophotonic characterization techniques, has established upconversion as its own research field. Although these investigations highlight the unique photophysics of the current generation of these materials, it is equally important to recognize their transformative potential in cross-disciplinary applications and their potential relevance in addressing global health threats, such as COVID-19. This Review covers fundamental mechanisms and properties of upconverting nanoparticles, explores their emerging photophysical behaviours and highlights their broad biomedical applications in imaging, 3D printing, sensing, diagnostics and therapeutics. Furthermore, we highlight challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for the upconversion field.