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<p>Sleep benefits memory consolidation through periodic sleep spindle activity and associated memory reactivations. The temporal organization of spindles in “trains” is considered a critical sleep mechanism for the timed and repeated reactivation of memories. Evidence suggests that a timely phase-locking between slow oscillations (SO) and spindles facilitates learning-related synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated the contribution of spindles’ clustering and coupling with SO in motor memory consolidation by promoting local synaptic depression in sensorimotor cortical regions through upper-limb immobilization following motor sequence learning. Our results reveal that the cluster-based organization of spindles is independent of daytime sensorimotor experience, while leading to distinct overnight behavioral outcomes. Interestingly, immobilization induced a phase shift in the SO-spindle coupling for spindles grouped in trains, but not when isolated outside trains. We demonstrate that spindle trains may promote skill-specific strengthening of motor memories, while isolated spindles may instead create memory-instability conditions leading to enhanced skill generalization.</p><p></p>

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Temporal sleep spindle clustering and slow-oscillation coupling in motor memory consolidation and generalization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Adrien Conessa,
  • Damien Léger,
  • Arnaud Boutin

摘要

Sleep benefits memory consolidation through periodic sleep spindle activity and associated memory reactivations. The temporal organization of spindles in “trains” is considered a critical sleep mechanism for the timed and repeated reactivation of memories. Evidence suggests that a timely phase-locking between slow oscillations (SO) and spindles facilitates learning-related synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated the contribution of spindles’ clustering and coupling with SO in motor memory consolidation by promoting local synaptic depression in sensorimotor cortical regions through upper-limb immobilization following motor sequence learning. Our results reveal that the cluster-based organization of spindles is independent of daytime sensorimotor experience, while leading to distinct overnight behavioral outcomes. Interestingly, immobilization induced a phase shift in the SO-spindle coupling for spindles grouped in trains, but not when isolated outside trains. We demonstrate that spindle trains may promote skill-specific strengthening of motor memories, while isolated spindles may instead create memory-instability conditions leading to enhanced skill generalization.