<p>Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs), which can be used to build organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), are of potential use in flexible, large-area and bioelectronic systems. Although hole-transporting p-type OMIECs are susceptible to oxidation, and oxygen leads to OECT instability, it is unclear whether oxygen also behaves as an uncontrolled p-dopant. We show that oxygen dissolved in a solvent can act as a p-dopant in OMIECs and OECTs by filling traps to enable effective electrochemical doping. To address the fact that the presence of oxygen simultaneously jeopardizes OECT stability, we develop a two-step strategy in which we first degas the solvent, and then dope the OMIEC in a controlled manner using a chemical dopant. Our approach improves the stability of both p-type and n-type OECTs, while increasing the on–off ratio, tuning the threshold voltage and enhancing the transconductance, charge carrier mobility, and the <i>µC</i>* product—that is, the product of mobility and the volumetric capacitance.</p>

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Improved organic electrochemical transistor stability using solvent degassing and chemical doping

  • Vianna N. Le,
  • Kyle N. Baustert,
  • Megan R. Brown,
  • Joel H. Bombile,
  • Lucas Q. Flagg,
  • Karl Thorley,
  • Christina J. Kousseff,
  • Olga Solomeshch,
  • Iain McCulloch,
  • Nir Tessler,
  • Chad Risko,
  • Kenneth R. Graham,
  • Alexandra F. Paterson

摘要

Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs), which can be used to build organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), are of potential use in flexible, large-area and bioelectronic systems. Although hole-transporting p-type OMIECs are susceptible to oxidation, and oxygen leads to OECT instability, it is unclear whether oxygen also behaves as an uncontrolled p-dopant. We show that oxygen dissolved in a solvent can act as a p-dopant in OMIECs and OECTs by filling traps to enable effective electrochemical doping. To address the fact that the presence of oxygen simultaneously jeopardizes OECT stability, we develop a two-step strategy in which we first degas the solvent, and then dope the OMIEC in a controlled manner using a chemical dopant. Our approach improves the stability of both p-type and n-type OECTs, while increasing the on–off ratio, tuning the threshold voltage and enhancing the transconductance, charge carrier mobility, and the µC* product—that is, the product of mobility and the volumetric capacitance.