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<p>Target trial emulation (TTE) enables causal inference from electronic health record (EHR) data when randomized clinical trials are infeasible, but its validity depends on whether EHR data can support the required trial design components. This review presents an operational framework that distinguishes trial specification from its realization in EHR data and clarifies how healthcare-driven data generation constrains identifiability and when EHR-based TTE can or cannot yield interpretable causal estimates.</p>

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An operational target trial emulation framework for causal inference using electronic health record data

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月4日

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  • Yanfei Wang,
  • Yongqiu Li,
  • Tuo Lin,
  • Yi Guo

摘要

Target trial emulation (TTE) enables causal inference from electronic health record (EHR) data when randomized clinical trials are infeasible, but its validity depends on whether EHR data can support the required trial design components. This review presents an operational framework that distinguishes trial specification from its realization in EHR data and clarifies how healthcare-driven data generation constrains identifiability and when EHR-based TTE can or cannot yield interpretable causal estimates.