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<p>Brain metastasis leads to poor outcomes and CNS injury, significantly reducing quality of life and survival rates. Advances in understanding the tumor immune microenvironment have revealed the promise of immunotherapies, which, alongside surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, offer improved survival for some patients. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a critical challenge. This review explores the immune landscape of brain metastases, current therapies, clinical trials, and the need for personalized, biomarker-driven approaches to optimize outcomes.</p>

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Progress in personalized immunotherapy for patients with brain metastasis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月29日

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  • Lalit Patel,
  • Nikola Kolundzic,
  • Malak Abedalthagafi

摘要

Brain metastasis leads to poor outcomes and CNS injury, significantly reducing quality of life and survival rates. Advances in understanding the tumor immune microenvironment have revealed the promise of immunotherapies, which, alongside surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, offer improved survival for some patients. However, resistance to immunotherapy remains a critical challenge. This review explores the immune landscape of brain metastases, current therapies, clinical trials, and the need for personalized, biomarker-driven approaches to optimize outcomes.