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<p>Irrigation modifies land–atmosphere interactions by altering surface fluxes, boundary-layer thermodynamics, and moisture transport, yet its influence on precipitation remains highly dependent on synoptic influence. Building on recent modeling studies that quantify irrigation impacts within irrigated regions, we investigate how irrigation affects precipitation and its thermodynamic and dynamical controls in downwind areas using convection-permitting WRF simulations. A wind-aligned composite framework is applied to isolate coherent flow-relative responses under three synoptic conditions: quiescent, transitional, and strong synoptic disturbance. Across all regimes, irrigation induces surface cooling, enhanced latent heat flux, and low-level moistening that is advected downwind, yet the precipitation response differs fundamentally across synoptic conditions. Critically, we find that the LFC–LCL deficit, which measures thermodynamic resistance to deep parcel ascent, is a key discriminating variable explaining why irrigation-induced CAPE enhancement under quiescent conditions fails to produce precipitation, while comparable or lesser thermodynamic instability under transitional forcing yields organized downwind rainfall enhancement. These results establish a robust and rigorous regime-dependent framework for understanding how large-scale irrigation modifies downwind hydroclimate. They demonstrate that irrigation can substantially enhance atmospheric instability and reduce thermodynamic resistance to deep parcel ascent, but its impact on precipitation depends on background synoptic conditions. Responses are maximized when irrigation-induced thermodynamic enhancements, including reductions in LFC − LCL deficit, are organized by synoptic-scale flow, highlighting the role of synoptic conditions in modulating land–atmosphere interaction and hydroclimate responses.</p>

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Irrigation effects on downwind precipitation in different synoptic conditions: a study in the U.S. Central Great Plains

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Ifeanyi Chukwudi Achugbu,
  • Liang Chen,
  • Qi Hu,
  • Rezaul Mahmood

摘要

Irrigation modifies land–atmosphere interactions by altering surface fluxes, boundary-layer thermodynamics, and moisture transport, yet its influence on precipitation remains highly dependent on synoptic influence. Building on recent modeling studies that quantify irrigation impacts within irrigated regions, we investigate how irrigation affects precipitation and its thermodynamic and dynamical controls in downwind areas using convection-permitting WRF simulations. A wind-aligned composite framework is applied to isolate coherent flow-relative responses under three synoptic conditions: quiescent, transitional, and strong synoptic disturbance. Across all regimes, irrigation induces surface cooling, enhanced latent heat flux, and low-level moistening that is advected downwind, yet the precipitation response differs fundamentally across synoptic conditions. Critically, we find that the LFC–LCL deficit, which measures thermodynamic resistance to deep parcel ascent, is a key discriminating variable explaining why irrigation-induced CAPE enhancement under quiescent conditions fails to produce precipitation, while comparable or lesser thermodynamic instability under transitional forcing yields organized downwind rainfall enhancement. These results establish a robust and rigorous regime-dependent framework for understanding how large-scale irrigation modifies downwind hydroclimate. They demonstrate that irrigation can substantially enhance atmospheric instability and reduce thermodynamic resistance to deep parcel ascent, but its impact on precipitation depends on background synoptic conditions. Responses are maximized when irrigation-induced thermodynamic enhancements, including reductions in LFC − LCL deficit, are organized by synoptic-scale flow, highlighting the role of synoptic conditions in modulating land–atmosphere interaction and hydroclimate responses.