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<p>Fast atmospheric particulate nitrate and sulfate formation under high-humidity conditions has been extensively observed; however, the underlying chemical mechanisms and their relative contributions remain poorly understood. This study examined the characteristic high-humidity events (HHEs) in southern China during spring, providing field observation evidence for the crucial role of NO<sub>2</sub>-driven multiphase reactions in particulate nitrate and sulfate formation. Our findings revealed efficient nitrate formation during early HHEs, likely facilitated by enhanced NO<sub>2</sub> uptake via disproportionation reaction. As humidity increased and fog formed, S(IV) oxidation competitively consumed NO<sub>2</sub> and N(III), causing rapid sulfate formation. The resulting N(III), produced from the oxidation of S(IV) by NO<sub>2</sub> (aq), further oxidizes S(IV) effectively in droplets due to its slow liquid-gas mass transfer rate. A state-of-the-art multiphase box model demonstrated that NO<sub>2</sub> uptake and SO<sub>2</sub> oxidation by NO<sub>2</sub>/N(III) represent dominant formation pathways during HHEs, accounting for 45.4% and 63.6% of the total nitrate and sulfate production, respectively. These results highlight the critical importance of NO<sub>2</sub>-driven multiphase chemistry in particulate pollution under high-humidity environments.</p>

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Enhanced NO2-driven multiphase formation of particulate nitrate and sulfate under high-humidity conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Ziyi Lin,
  • Xiaoting Ji,
  • Lingling Xu,
  • Gaojie Chen,
  • Chen Yang,
  • Keran Zhang,
  • Feng Zhang,
  • Lingjun Li,
  • Yuping Chen,
  • Jinsheng Chen

摘要

Fast atmospheric particulate nitrate and sulfate formation under high-humidity conditions has been extensively observed; however, the underlying chemical mechanisms and their relative contributions remain poorly understood. This study examined the characteristic high-humidity events (HHEs) in southern China during spring, providing field observation evidence for the crucial role of NO2-driven multiphase reactions in particulate nitrate and sulfate formation. Our findings revealed efficient nitrate formation during early HHEs, likely facilitated by enhanced NO2 uptake via disproportionation reaction. As humidity increased and fog formed, S(IV) oxidation competitively consumed NO2 and N(III), causing rapid sulfate formation. The resulting N(III), produced from the oxidation of S(IV) by NO2 (aq), further oxidizes S(IV) effectively in droplets due to its slow liquid-gas mass transfer rate. A state-of-the-art multiphase box model demonstrated that NO2 uptake and SO2 oxidation by NO2/N(III) represent dominant formation pathways during HHEs, accounting for 45.4% and 63.6% of the total nitrate and sulfate production, respectively. These results highlight the critical importance of NO2-driven multiphase chemistry in particulate pollution under high-humidity environments.