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<p>Adolescent caffeine consumption is increasingly common and may pose potential health risks. However, there is a lack of culturally appropriate tools to assess caffeine intake among Iranian adolescents. This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) primarily designed to rank the intake of caffeine-containing beverages, with secondary assessment of broader dietary components in this population. An existing validated 80-item FFQ was adapted with the addition of ten caffeine-related items identified through literature review and expert consultation. Eighty-three adolescents completed the modified FFQ, and sixty-five also completed a three-day dietary record (3DR) for validation purposes. The FFQ demonstrated moderate to good reliability and validity, with stronger and more consistent results observed for caffeine intake. Spearman’s correlations ranged from 0.62 to 0.93, and intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 0.94. Cross-classification showed 70.8% agreement for caffeine intake categories, while Bland-Altman analysis indicated acceptable agreement between the FFQ and 3DR, particularly for caffeine, calcium, and vitamin D. The validated FFQ may serve as a culturally relevant and practical tool for ranking caffeine intake in epidemiological studies among Iranian adolescents, while its use for broader dietary assessment should be interpreted with caution. However, the findings should be interpreted considering potential recall bias and the relatively small sample size.</p>

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Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for caffeine intake and dietary assessment in Iranian adolescents

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Shima Nikkhah,
  • Mina Babashahi,
  • Soheila Khodakarim,
  • Mohammadhassan Rostami

摘要

Adolescent caffeine consumption is increasingly common and may pose potential health risks. However, there is a lack of culturally appropriate tools to assess caffeine intake among Iranian adolescents. This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) primarily designed to rank the intake of caffeine-containing beverages, with secondary assessment of broader dietary components in this population. An existing validated 80-item FFQ was adapted with the addition of ten caffeine-related items identified through literature review and expert consultation. Eighty-three adolescents completed the modified FFQ, and sixty-five also completed a three-day dietary record (3DR) for validation purposes. The FFQ demonstrated moderate to good reliability and validity, with stronger and more consistent results observed for caffeine intake. Spearman’s correlations ranged from 0.62 to 0.93, and intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.51 to 0.94. Cross-classification showed 70.8% agreement for caffeine intake categories, while Bland-Altman analysis indicated acceptable agreement between the FFQ and 3DR, particularly for caffeine, calcium, and vitamin D. The validated FFQ may serve as a culturally relevant and practical tool for ranking caffeine intake in epidemiological studies among Iranian adolescents, while its use for broader dietary assessment should be interpreted with caution. However, the findings should be interpreted considering potential recall bias and the relatively small sample size.