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<p>Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO<sub>2</sub> NPs) were successfully synthesized via an environmentally friendly route using combined strawberry (<i>Fragaria × ananassa</i>) and mulberry (<i>Morus nigra</i>) extracts, followed by calcination at 400, 500, and 600&#xa0;°C. This study systematically investigates the influence of calcination temperature on the structural, morphological, optical, photocatalytic, and biological properties of green-synthesized CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. Structural characterization by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis confirmed the successful formation of crystalline CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and revealed that calcination temperature markedly affected crystallinity, particle size, surface characteristics, and optical behavior. The sample calcined at 500&#xa0;°C exhibited a quasi-spherical morphology with an average particle size of 44.74&#xa0;nm and a high positive zeta potential (+ 63.82 mV), indicating good colloidal stability. Among the investigated samples, the 500&#xa0;°C nanoparticles demonstrated the highest photocatalytic performance, achieving 71.8% degradation of methylene blue within 40&#xa0;min under UV irradiation with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.1151&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>. Furthermore, MTT assays using 3T3 fibroblast cells showed more than 90% cell viability at concentrations below 16&#xa0;µg mL<sup>−1</sup>, indicating favorable cytocompatibility at low doses. The enhanced performance of the 500&#xa0;°C sample is attributed to the optimized balance between crystallinity, particle growth, and surface characteristics achieved through controlled calcination. Overall, this work demonstrates that calcination temperature plays a critical role in tailoring the physicochemical properties and multifunctional performance of green-synthesized CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, providing valuable insights into the design of sustainable nanomaterials for environmental remediation and potential biomedical applications.</p>

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Green synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles using strawberry and mulberry extracts: effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic performance and cellular toxicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Reza Zarei Moghadam,
  • Amir Hossein Farahani,
  • Davood Nasrabadi,
  • Abbas Ziari

摘要

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) were successfully synthesized via an environmentally friendly route using combined strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and mulberry (Morus nigra) extracts, followed by calcination at 400, 500, and 600 °C. This study systematically investigates the influence of calcination temperature on the structural, morphological, optical, photocatalytic, and biological properties of green-synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles. Structural characterization by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis confirmed the successful formation of crystalline CeO2 nanoparticles and revealed that calcination temperature markedly affected crystallinity, particle size, surface characteristics, and optical behavior. The sample calcined at 500 °C exhibited a quasi-spherical morphology with an average particle size of 44.74 nm and a high positive zeta potential (+ 63.82 mV), indicating good colloidal stability. Among the investigated samples, the 500 °C nanoparticles demonstrated the highest photocatalytic performance, achieving 71.8% degradation of methylene blue within 40 min under UV irradiation with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.1151 min−1. Furthermore, MTT assays using 3T3 fibroblast cells showed more than 90% cell viability at concentrations below 16 µg mL−1, indicating favorable cytocompatibility at low doses. The enhanced performance of the 500 °C sample is attributed to the optimized balance between crystallinity, particle growth, and surface characteristics achieved through controlled calcination. Overall, this work demonstrates that calcination temperature plays a critical role in tailoring the physicochemical properties and multifunctional performance of green-synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles, providing valuable insights into the design of sustainable nanomaterials for environmental remediation and potential biomedical applications.