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<p>Readiness for parenthood is an important psychological resource that helps young adults anticipate future family roles and may reflect perceived preparedness for future parenting responsibilities during emerging adulthood. This study examined cross-national differences and psychological predictors of readiness for parenthood among emerging adults in Indonesia and Japan. Participants were 535 university students (68.2% women) aged 17–26&#xa0;years (Mage = 19.3, SD = 1.39) who completed measures of parenthood readiness, self-esteem, positive relationship-building ability, and problem-solving ability. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across Indonesian and Japanese participants. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, hierarchical regression, and two-way analysis of variance. Indonesian participants reported significantly higher positive relationship-building ability and problem-solving ability than Japanese participants, whereas no cross-national differences were found in self-esteem or readiness for parenthood. Regression analyses indicated that positive relationship-building ability and self-esteem significantly predicted readiness for parenthood. In contrast, problem-solving ability and age did not uniquely predict readiness after controlling for other variables. No significant gender differences or gender-by-country interaction effects were observed. These findings suggest that relational competence and self-evaluative resources play central roles in shaping normative readiness for parenthood among emerging adults.</p>

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Psychological factors associated with readiness for parenthood among Indonesian and Japanese university students

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Ernawati,
  • Shinnosuke Ikeda

摘要

Readiness for parenthood is an important psychological resource that helps young adults anticipate future family roles and may reflect perceived preparedness for future parenting responsibilities during emerging adulthood. This study examined cross-national differences and psychological predictors of readiness for parenthood among emerging adults in Indonesia and Japan. Participants were 535 university students (68.2% women) aged 17–26 years (Mage = 19.3, SD = 1.39) who completed measures of parenthood readiness, self-esteem, positive relationship-building ability, and problem-solving ability. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across Indonesian and Japanese participants. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, hierarchical regression, and two-way analysis of variance. Indonesian participants reported significantly higher positive relationship-building ability and problem-solving ability than Japanese participants, whereas no cross-national differences were found in self-esteem or readiness for parenthood. Regression analyses indicated that positive relationship-building ability and self-esteem significantly predicted readiness for parenthood. In contrast, problem-solving ability and age did not uniquely predict readiness after controlling for other variables. No significant gender differences or gender-by-country interaction effects were observed. These findings suggest that relational competence and self-evaluative resources play central roles in shaping normative readiness for parenthood among emerging adults.