<p>Supply chain sustainability in industrial clusters is increasingly important due to growing environmental concerns, resource limitations, and the need for balanced economic and social development. However, sustainability assessment is challenging because of uncertainty, interdependencies, and subjective expert judgments. Therefore, this study aims to develop an effective decision-making framework for evaluating supply chain sustainability in industrial clusters under uncertainty. To address this issue, an integrated Fermatean Fuzzy RANking COMparison Faire Un Choix Adéquat (FF-RANCOM-FUCA) framework is proposed. Fermatean fuzzy sets (FFSs) are employed to handle uncertainty in expert evaluations, while the RANCOM-FUCA approach is used to determine reliable criteria weights and rank alternatives. A case study of ten supply chain alternatives is examined, along with seven sustainability criteria, to illustrate the application of the proposed framework. The effectiveness is validated through comparative analysis with already existing multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The outcomes demonstrate significant differences between the examined alternatives and demonstrate that the proposed approach yields stable and discriminative rankings when dealing with uncertainty. The findings are important as they provide decision makers with an accurate instrument to evaluate and choose strategies to pursue in sustainable supply chains in complex industrial cluster settings.</p>