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<p>This work explores the use of hybrid natural fibers and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to improve the tribological performance of epoxy composites. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a Box–Behnken design was employed to systematically evaluate the effects of MCC content (0–6 wt%), applied load (20–60&#xa0;N), and sliding velocity (1–3&#xa0;m/s) on wear loss and CoF. The results demonstrated that increasing the MCC concentration significantly reduced wear loss and CoF due to improved interfacial bonding and stable tribofilm formation. The significance of the created quadratic models with good prediction accuracy (R² = 98.43%) was validated by ANOVA. Although load and sliding velocity interaction effects were also important, filler content was found to be the primary factor affecting tribological performance. MCC filler enhanced the tribological performance of the hybrid composites, decreased surface damage, and encouraged stable tribo-film development, using SEM examination. Multi‑response optimization indicated that a filler content of 6 wt% combined with low load and moderate sliding velocity minimizes wear and friction. Overall, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of MCC-based hybrid natural fiber epoxy composites as high-performance, environmentally friendly materials for wear-resistant tribological applications such as automotive brake pads, sliding panels, and bearings.</p>

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Tribological optimization of bio‑based microcrystalline cellulose and hybrid natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites using response surface methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • H. S. Manjunatha,
  • S. Suresh Kumar,
  • K. Rathan Kumar,
  • P. B. Bharat,
  • B. Suresha,
  • V. G. Pradeep Kumar,
  • Subraya Krishna Bhat

摘要

This work explores the use of hybrid natural fibers and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to improve the tribological performance of epoxy composites. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a Box–Behnken design was employed to systematically evaluate the effects of MCC content (0–6 wt%), applied load (20–60 N), and sliding velocity (1–3 m/s) on wear loss and CoF. The results demonstrated that increasing the MCC concentration significantly reduced wear loss and CoF due to improved interfacial bonding and stable tribofilm formation. The significance of the created quadratic models with good prediction accuracy (R² = 98.43%) was validated by ANOVA. Although load and sliding velocity interaction effects were also important, filler content was found to be the primary factor affecting tribological performance. MCC filler enhanced the tribological performance of the hybrid composites, decreased surface damage, and encouraged stable tribo-film development, using SEM examination. Multi‑response optimization indicated that a filler content of 6 wt% combined with low load and moderate sliding velocity minimizes wear and friction. Overall, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of MCC-based hybrid natural fiber epoxy composites as high-performance, environmentally friendly materials for wear-resistant tribological applications such as automotive brake pads, sliding panels, and bearings.