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<p>The prospective longitudinal study compared muscle growth in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) with typically developing (TD) peers and across Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)-groups, and investigated muscle deficit trajectories across GMFCS-groups. Three hundred-eighty-three assessments of 116 children with CP and 236 of 62 TD children were included. Absolute medial gastrocnemius muscle belly (ML), tendon (TL) and muscle-tendon unit length (MTUL), cross-sectional area (CSA), volume (MV) and echo-intensity were measured with 3D-freehand ultrasound, and converted into unitless deficit scores using body-size-related TD-percentiles. Mixed-effect models fitted muscle value change with age and at one year of age. Absolute values with respect to age showed piecewise trajectories specific per muscle parameter and differences between TD and CP, and GMFCS-groups. At one year, GMFCS-III showed larger deficits compared to GMFCS-I and -II for ML and MTUL, and compared to GMFCS-I for CSA and MV (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Muscle deficits increased with age, except for ML in GMFCS-III, and MTUL and echo-intensity in GMFCS-I and -II. Transverse-related (CSA) and combined parameters (MV) are more affected than axial-related ones (ML, TL, MTUL). For GMFCS-I and -II, supporting muscle growth becomes crucial around 2–3 years, whereas in GMFCS-III this is important from the age of one.</p>

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Longitudinal characterization of medial gastrocnemius muscle growth deficits throughout childhood in spastic cerebral palsy

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月2日

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  • Ines Vandekerckhove,
  • Ineke Verreydt,
  • Nathalie De Beukelaer,
  • Britta Hanssen,
  • Tijl Dewit,
  • Geert Molenberghs,
  • Daisy Rymen,
  • Els Ortibus,
  • Anja Van Campenhout,
  • Kaat Desloovere

摘要

The prospective longitudinal study compared muscle growth in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) with typically developing (TD) peers and across Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS)-groups, and investigated muscle deficit trajectories across GMFCS-groups. Three hundred-eighty-three assessments of 116 children with CP and 236 of 62 TD children were included. Absolute medial gastrocnemius muscle belly (ML), tendon (TL) and muscle-tendon unit length (MTUL), cross-sectional area (CSA), volume (MV) and echo-intensity were measured with 3D-freehand ultrasound, and converted into unitless deficit scores using body-size-related TD-percentiles. Mixed-effect models fitted muscle value change with age and at one year of age. Absolute values with respect to age showed piecewise trajectories specific per muscle parameter and differences between TD and CP, and GMFCS-groups. At one year, GMFCS-III showed larger deficits compared to GMFCS-I and -II for ML and MTUL, and compared to GMFCS-I for CSA and MV (p < 0.05). Muscle deficits increased with age, except for ML in GMFCS-III, and MTUL and echo-intensity in GMFCS-I and -II. Transverse-related (CSA) and combined parameters (MV) are more affected than axial-related ones (ML, TL, MTUL). For GMFCS-I and -II, supporting muscle growth becomes crucial around 2–3 years, whereas in GMFCS-III this is important from the age of one.