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<p>Although biochars have been widely explored for dye removal, systematic comparisons of conventional adsorption, photo-assisted adsorption (PAA), and ultrasonication-enhanced adsorption (UEA) using a single multifunctional adsorbent remain limited. In this study, synthesis of a nitrogen-enriched phosphoric acid-activated magnetic biochar from pineapple peel waste was developed as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) from aqueous solution. The enhanced functionalities provided through phosphoric acid activation, nitrogen enrichment and magnetic functionalization contributed to improved surface properties such as increased surface area, porosity and facilitated magnetic recovery. Various analytical techniques including FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and BET analyses were used to characterize the adsorbent. A box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the process variables of pH, dose of adsorbent, and time of contact during adsorption. With the optimized variables (pH = 6.8; adsorbent dose = 0.24&#xa0;g/L; contact time = 17.18&#xa0;min) removal efficiencies of 74.77%, 82.30%, and 89.60% were obtained in addition to the respective adsorption capacity values being 31.15, 34.29, and 37.33&#xa0;mg/g for adsorption, PAA and UEA respectively. Results from Langmuir isotherms revealed predominantly mono-layer type adsorption on energetically favourable sites whereas pseudo-second order kinetic models illustrated that the rate of adsorption is dependent upon both site availability and mass transfer rates. Collectively these findings demonstrate that UEA represents the most effective method of removing Rh6G from contaminated water and further illustrates that engineered magnetic biochar combined with intensified processes may provide viable alternatives for future sustainable wastewater treatments.</p>

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Engineered nitrogen enriched magnetic biochar for enhanced adsorption of rhodamine 6G: a comparative study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Raj Patel,
  • Vishal Kumar Sandhwar,
  • Alok Tiwari,
  • Diksha Saxena,
  • Shivendu Saxena,
  • Anand Joshi

摘要

Although biochars have been widely explored for dye removal, systematic comparisons of conventional adsorption, photo-assisted adsorption (PAA), and ultrasonication-enhanced adsorption (UEA) using a single multifunctional adsorbent remain limited. In this study, synthesis of a nitrogen-enriched phosphoric acid-activated magnetic biochar from pineapple peel waste was developed as an adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) from aqueous solution. The enhanced functionalities provided through phosphoric acid activation, nitrogen enrichment and magnetic functionalization contributed to improved surface properties such as increased surface area, porosity and facilitated magnetic recovery. Various analytical techniques including FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and BET analyses were used to characterize the adsorbent. A box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the process variables of pH, dose of adsorbent, and time of contact during adsorption. With the optimized variables (pH = 6.8; adsorbent dose = 0.24 g/L; contact time = 17.18 min) removal efficiencies of 74.77%, 82.30%, and 89.60% were obtained in addition to the respective adsorption capacity values being 31.15, 34.29, and 37.33 mg/g for adsorption, PAA and UEA respectively. Results from Langmuir isotherms revealed predominantly mono-layer type adsorption on energetically favourable sites whereas pseudo-second order kinetic models illustrated that the rate of adsorption is dependent upon both site availability and mass transfer rates. Collectively these findings demonstrate that UEA represents the most effective method of removing Rh6G from contaminated water and further illustrates that engineered magnetic biochar combined with intensified processes may provide viable alternatives for future sustainable wastewater treatments.