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<p>We demonstrate an all-optical, single-shot diagnostic enabling spatially resolved two-dimensional reconstruction of cluster radius and number density in a cryocooled deuterium jet. Conventional characterizations based on one-dimensional mechanical scanning or projection-only measurements obscure local heterogeneity and complicate quantitative interpretation of cluster formation and scaling. By combining Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Rayleigh scattering with Abel-based tomographic reconstruction, we retrieve local maps of cluster size and density across an extended cross section of the jet in a single acquisition. The measurements reveal that the cluster radius remains nearly uniform (~11&#xa0;nm) within the jet interior despite pronounced radial and axial density gradients, indicating that nucleation is largely completed near the nozzle exit while subsequent expansion predominantly governs density evolution. This spatial decoupling between cluster size and density demonstrates that region-dependent averaging can substantially bias inferred scaling relations. The resulting scan-free tomographic framework establishes a physically consistent basis for analyzing nucleation and growth in cryogenic cluster jets and for quantitative, region-selective optimization in laser–plasma applications.</p>

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All-optical single-shot mapping of cluster radius and density in an axisymmetric gas jet

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Seongmin Lee,
  • Jaehyun Song,
  • Youhwan Noh,
  • Hyeong-il Kim,
  • Yonghun Noh,
  • Jun Sim,
  • Woosuk Bang

摘要

We demonstrate an all-optical, single-shot diagnostic enabling spatially resolved two-dimensional reconstruction of cluster radius and number density in a cryocooled deuterium jet. Conventional characterizations based on one-dimensional mechanical scanning or projection-only measurements obscure local heterogeneity and complicate quantitative interpretation of cluster formation and scaling. By combining Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Rayleigh scattering with Abel-based tomographic reconstruction, we retrieve local maps of cluster size and density across an extended cross section of the jet in a single acquisition. The measurements reveal that the cluster radius remains nearly uniform (~11 nm) within the jet interior despite pronounced radial and axial density gradients, indicating that nucleation is largely completed near the nozzle exit while subsequent expansion predominantly governs density evolution. This spatial decoupling between cluster size and density demonstrates that region-dependent averaging can substantially bias inferred scaling relations. The resulting scan-free tomographic framework establishes a physically consistent basis for analyzing nucleation and growth in cryogenic cluster jets and for quantitative, region-selective optimization in laser–plasma applications.