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<p>Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) represent a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), offering significantly reduced CO₂ emissions and lower energy consumption during production. Furthermore, due to their inherent alkaline nature, AAMs exhibit superior electrical conductivity compared to OPC, making them highly suitable for advanced applications such as smart sensors and self-sensing materials. In this study, Taguchi’s experimental design method was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of key parameters on geopolymer mortars cured under ambient conditions. The study employed XRD, XRF, compressive strength, conductivity, SEM, density, and workability tests, with measurements taken at 7, 28, and 90 days. Additionally, the piezoresistive behavior of the geopolymer mortars was investigated by applying alternating current to four-probe samples and analyzing their response to compressive loading via an oscilloscope-based equivalent circuit model. The experimental results demonstrated a consistent decrease in electrical resistance and a corresponding increase in current with applied compressive stress. Enhanced conductivity was observed with higher concentrations of conductive fillers, with the optimal mix designs of [T2-C5-H10-M8-A45] and [T3-C5-H15-M12-A55] achieving the highest 28-day compressive strength (20.38 MPa) and conductivity (5.58 × 10⁻<sup>5</sup> S·m⁻<sup>1</sup>), respectively. Notably, the conductivity of AAMs is highly influenced by alkaline content, as it promotes the formation of superionic conductive pathways. These results demonstrate the promising role of self-sensing materials as advanced alternatives to traditional sensors in structural health monitoring and damage detection systems. Combining sustainable material design with smart functionality represents a notable innovation, delivering both ecological and technological advantages.</p>

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Mechanical and electrical characteristics and pressure-sensitive response measurements of alkali-activated mortar containing conductive fillers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Navid Jalali Jalal Abadi,
  • Amir Tarighat,
  • Abolfazl Soltani

摘要

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) represent a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), offering significantly reduced CO₂ emissions and lower energy consumption during production. Furthermore, due to their inherent alkaline nature, AAMs exhibit superior electrical conductivity compared to OPC, making them highly suitable for advanced applications such as smart sensors and self-sensing materials. In this study, Taguchi’s experimental design method was employed to systematically evaluate the influence of key parameters on geopolymer mortars cured under ambient conditions. The study employed XRD, XRF, compressive strength, conductivity, SEM, density, and workability tests, with measurements taken at 7, 28, and 90 days. Additionally, the piezoresistive behavior of the geopolymer mortars was investigated by applying alternating current to four-probe samples and analyzing their response to compressive loading via an oscilloscope-based equivalent circuit model. The experimental results demonstrated a consistent decrease in electrical resistance and a corresponding increase in current with applied compressive stress. Enhanced conductivity was observed with higher concentrations of conductive fillers, with the optimal mix designs of [T2-C5-H10-M8-A45] and [T3-C5-H15-M12-A55] achieving the highest 28-day compressive strength (20.38 MPa) and conductivity (5.58 × 10⁻5 S·m⁻1), respectively. Notably, the conductivity of AAMs is highly influenced by alkaline content, as it promotes the formation of superionic conductive pathways. These results demonstrate the promising role of self-sensing materials as advanced alternatives to traditional sensors in structural health monitoring and damage detection systems. Combining sustainable material design with smart functionality represents a notable innovation, delivering both ecological and technological advantages.