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<p>This study introduces the first reported stepwise fluorimetric strategy for the sensitive and rapid determination of the ultra-short-acting β₁-blocker, landiolol hydrochloride. Initially, an environmentally benign method was developed by exploiting the drug’s native fluorescence in water (λ<sub>ex</sub>/λ<sub>em</sub> = 217/298 nm). While this cost-effective approach successfully utilized water as a green solvent, it demonstrated limited LOD of 32.57 ng/mL. To enhance fluorescence performance, various organic solvents were investigated, with acetonitrile providing the highest signal at λ<sub>ex</sub>/λ<sub>em</sub> = 222/300 nm and improving the LOD to 16.31 ng/mL. To enable ultra-trace clinical monitoring, a third “turn-on” method was developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). By measuring fluorescence enhancement at λ<sub>ex</sub>/λ<sub>em</sub> = 260/524.6&#xa0;nm upon interaction with landiolol, this platform amplifies the signal, achieving an outstanding LOD of 3.10 ng/mL. AgNPs were prepared using a green synthesis approach employing <i>Aloe vera</i> extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in an aqueous medium avoiding using hazardous chemicals. Water was used throughout both nanoparticle preparation and the AgNP-enhanced determination, reinforcing the eco-friendly profile of the method. Unlike native fluorescence, the AgNP-assisted method enhances sensitivity through nanoparticle-mediated surface passivation, with a possible auxiliary contribution from resonance energy transfer (RET)-like processes. Selectivity is improved through preferential adsorption of landiolol on the AgNP surface and a large Stokes shift that minimizes interference from UV-absorbing matrix components. The resulting enhanced sensitivity and reduced matrix interference make this method a powerful tool for ultra-trace, selective, and sustainable determination of landiolol in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma, demonstrating its suitability for routine quality control and bioanalytical applications.</p>

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Comparative fluorimetric strategies for determination of landiolol hydrochloride using native fluorescence and green synthesized silver nanoparticles

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Marwa Khaled,
  • Hend Z. Yamani,
  • Nermine V. Fares,
  • Amira M. El-Kosasy

摘要

This study introduces the first reported stepwise fluorimetric strategy for the sensitive and rapid determination of the ultra-short-acting β₁-blocker, landiolol hydrochloride. Initially, an environmentally benign method was developed by exploiting the drug’s native fluorescence in water (λex/λem = 217/298 nm). While this cost-effective approach successfully utilized water as a green solvent, it demonstrated limited LOD of 32.57 ng/mL. To enhance fluorescence performance, various organic solvents were investigated, with acetonitrile providing the highest signal at λex/λem = 222/300 nm and improving the LOD to 16.31 ng/mL. To enable ultra-trace clinical monitoring, a third “turn-on” method was developed using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). By measuring fluorescence enhancement at λex/λem = 260/524.6 nm upon interaction with landiolol, this platform amplifies the signal, achieving an outstanding LOD of 3.10 ng/mL. AgNPs were prepared using a green synthesis approach employing Aloe vera extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent in an aqueous medium avoiding using hazardous chemicals. Water was used throughout both nanoparticle preparation and the AgNP-enhanced determination, reinforcing the eco-friendly profile of the method. Unlike native fluorescence, the AgNP-assisted method enhances sensitivity through nanoparticle-mediated surface passivation, with a possible auxiliary contribution from resonance energy transfer (RET)-like processes. Selectivity is improved through preferential adsorption of landiolol on the AgNP surface and a large Stokes shift that minimizes interference from UV-absorbing matrix components. The resulting enhanced sensitivity and reduced matrix interference make this method a powerful tool for ultra-trace, selective, and sustainable determination of landiolol in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma, demonstrating its suitability for routine quality control and bioanalytical applications.