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<p>Radiative–conductive systems are intrinsically nonlinear due to the quartic temperature dependence of thermal radiation. Under fixed total heating power, convexity arguments imply that nonuniform temperature distributions radiate more efficiently and therefore exhibit a lower mean temperature than their isothermal counterparts. However, this conclusion remains qualitative, and an explicit quantitative relation between temperature nonuniformity and mean temperature reduction has been lacking. Here we derive a variance-based analytical expression linking the area-averaged temperature to the corresponding isothermal equilibrium temperature in a nonuniformly heated radiative–conductive system. Within a second-order asymptotic expansion about the ambient temperature, we show that the leading reduction in the area-averaged temperature is proportional to the temperature variance. This result transforms the convexity-based inequality into a quantitative statistical relation within the perturbative regime and provides a physically transparent framework for describing nonlinear radiative averaging in thermally heterogeneous systems.</p>

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Variance-driven mean temperature reduction in nonuniformly heated radiative–conductive systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Xiaoli Huang,
  • Juntao Lu,
  • Zihan Zhang,
  • Yongjian Xiong,
  • Jie Fu

摘要

Radiative–conductive systems are intrinsically nonlinear due to the quartic temperature dependence of thermal radiation. Under fixed total heating power, convexity arguments imply that nonuniform temperature distributions radiate more efficiently and therefore exhibit a lower mean temperature than their isothermal counterparts. However, this conclusion remains qualitative, and an explicit quantitative relation between temperature nonuniformity and mean temperature reduction has been lacking. Here we derive a variance-based analytical expression linking the area-averaged temperature to the corresponding isothermal equilibrium temperature in a nonuniformly heated radiative–conductive system. Within a second-order asymptotic expansion about the ambient temperature, we show that the leading reduction in the area-averaged temperature is proportional to the temperature variance. This result transforms the convexity-based inequality into a quantitative statistical relation within the perturbative regime and provides a physically transparent framework for describing nonlinear radiative averaging in thermally heterogeneous systems.