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<p>While bacteria are commonly hosted by over 10 genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) including <i>Gigaspora</i>, studies have shown that all examined <i>Gigaspora</i> species host bacteria inside the cytoplasm of their spore (endobacteria), with the sole exception of <i>Gigaspora rosea</i>. Because of trait variability among conspecific AMF of different origins, we hypothesized that the non-investigated forest-derived <i>G. rosea</i> (LFB-4, MAFF 520098) and <i>Gigaspora margarita</i> (LFB-A1, MAFF 520099) could host endobacteria. We severely surface-decontaminated and crushed 10–20 spores to culture their potential endobacteria. The isolated endobacteria were identified using morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, their enzyme activities were characterized. Both AMF species hosted culturable and functionally diverse endobacteria belonging to five genera. We isolated <i>Streptomyces</i> from both AMF strains; <i>Paraburkholderia</i> and <i>Paenibacillus</i> from LFB-4 only; and <i>Chryseobacterium</i> and <i>Mycolicibacterium</i> exclusively from LFB-A1. Isolated endobacteria showed glycosidase, peptidase, esterase, and phosphatase activities in vitro, hinting at their nutrient cycling potentials. Here, we updated the endobacterial colonization of spores in <i>G. rosea</i> and <i>G. margarita</i> and overturned the exception that <i>G. rosea</i> lacks them. AMF can carry beneficial microbial communities within their spore cytoplasm, acting as a vehicle to introduce these functional groups into host plant roots across diverse ecosystems.</p>

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Resolving an exception: the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea and Gigaspora margarita host culturable and functionally diverse endobacteria

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Akotchiffor Kevin Geoffroy Djotan,
  • Yosuke Matsuda

摘要

While bacteria are commonly hosted by over 10 genera of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) including Gigaspora, studies have shown that all examined Gigaspora species host bacteria inside the cytoplasm of their spore (endobacteria), with the sole exception of Gigaspora rosea. Because of trait variability among conspecific AMF of different origins, we hypothesized that the non-investigated forest-derived G. rosea (LFB-4, MAFF 520098) and Gigaspora margarita (LFB-A1, MAFF 520099) could host endobacteria. We severely surface-decontaminated and crushed 10–20 spores to culture their potential endobacteria. The isolated endobacteria were identified using morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, their enzyme activities were characterized. Both AMF species hosted culturable and functionally diverse endobacteria belonging to five genera. We isolated Streptomyces from both AMF strains; Paraburkholderia and Paenibacillus from LFB-4 only; and Chryseobacterium and Mycolicibacterium exclusively from LFB-A1. Isolated endobacteria showed glycosidase, peptidase, esterase, and phosphatase activities in vitro, hinting at their nutrient cycling potentials. Here, we updated the endobacterial colonization of spores in G. rosea and G. margarita and overturned the exception that G. rosea lacks them. AMF can carry beneficial microbial communities within their spore cytoplasm, acting as a vehicle to introduce these functional groups into host plant roots across diverse ecosystems.