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<p>Plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) represents a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods; however, reproducibility remains a key limitation due to variability in plant composition and reaction parameters. In this study, an integrated extraction-to-nanoparticle approach was developed using <i>Lilium ciliatum</i> P.H.Davis, an endemic species from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye, to establish a composition–process–colloid relationship for plant resource valorization. Ethanolic supercritical CO₂ extraction was applied separately to leaves and flowers at 150&#xa0;bar and 40&#xa0;°C, and the resulting extracts were characterized by HPLC–DAD. Leaf extracts were dominated by flavonoids, particularly rutin (13.83&#xa0;mg L⁻¹) and quercetin (9.79&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), with a total phenolic content of 34.96&#xa0;mg L⁻¹, whereas flower extracts exhibited a higher phenolic content (65.08&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), mainly composed of gallic acid (19.88&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), protocatechuic acid (15.84&#xa0;mg L⁻¹), and chlorogenic acid (11.00&#xa0;mg L⁻¹). Initial screening showed that 1% (w/v) aqueous extracts did not produce reproducible AuNPs; therefore, optimization was performed using 2% (w/v) extracts by varying extract volume, HAuCl₄·3&#xa0;H₂O concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, PEG-200 addition, and pH. AuNP formation was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands at 520–560&#xa0;nm, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, and XRD analyses. The zeta potentials of PEG-200 stabilized leaf- and flower-derived AuNPs were − 18.3 ± 1.504 mV and − 21.9 ± 0.529 mV, respectively, indicating moderate colloidal stability with heterogeneous size distributions. XRD patterns confirmed crystalline face-centered cubic Au with Scherrer crystallite sizes of 6.19–7.10&#xa0;nm. Despite lower colloidal stability, flower-derived AuNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 1.267 ± 0.074&#xa0;mg mL⁻¹) than leaf-derived AuNPs (3.180 ± 0.225&#xa0;mg mL⁻¹), consistent with their higher phenolic loading. These findings suggest that tissue-specific phytochemistry may influence the formation, colloidal behavior, and antioxidant-related properties of plant-mediated AuNPs.</p>

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Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Lilium ciliatum leaf and flower extracts through phenolic composition, process optimization, and colloidal properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Gönül Serdar,
  • Melek Koç Keşir,
  • Tuğba Mazlum Şen,
  • Deniz Canbolat Gültekin,
  • Abidin Gümrükçüoğlu,
  • Fatma Tunalı,
  • Salih Terzioğlu

摘要

Plant-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) represents a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods; however, reproducibility remains a key limitation due to variability in plant composition and reaction parameters. In this study, an integrated extraction-to-nanoparticle approach was developed using Lilium ciliatum P.H.Davis, an endemic species from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye, to establish a composition–process–colloid relationship for plant resource valorization. Ethanolic supercritical CO₂ extraction was applied separately to leaves and flowers at 150 bar and 40 °C, and the resulting extracts were characterized by HPLC–DAD. Leaf extracts were dominated by flavonoids, particularly rutin (13.83 mg L⁻¹) and quercetin (9.79 mg L⁻¹), with a total phenolic content of 34.96 mg L⁻¹, whereas flower extracts exhibited a higher phenolic content (65.08 mg L⁻¹), mainly composed of gallic acid (19.88 mg L⁻¹), protocatechuic acid (15.84 mg L⁻¹), and chlorogenic acid (11.00 mg L⁻¹). Initial screening showed that 1% (w/v) aqueous extracts did not produce reproducible AuNPs; therefore, optimization was performed using 2% (w/v) extracts by varying extract volume, HAuCl₄·3 H₂O concentration, microwave power, irradiation time, PEG-200 addition, and pH. AuNP formation was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance bands at 520–560 nm, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, and XRD analyses. The zeta potentials of PEG-200 stabilized leaf- and flower-derived AuNPs were − 18.3 ± 1.504 mV and − 21.9 ± 0.529 mV, respectively, indicating moderate colloidal stability with heterogeneous size distributions. XRD patterns confirmed crystalline face-centered cubic Au with Scherrer crystallite sizes of 6.19–7.10 nm. Despite lower colloidal stability, flower-derived AuNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 1.267 ± 0.074 mg mL⁻¹) than leaf-derived AuNPs (3.180 ± 0.225 mg mL⁻¹), consistent with their higher phenolic loading. These findings suggest that tissue-specific phytochemistry may influence the formation, colloidal behavior, and antioxidant-related properties of plant-mediated AuNPs.