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<p>The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in north India experiences severe seasonal air pollution from different crop residue burning (CRB) of the two different cultivation pattern such as wheat stubble in post-rabi (April–May) and paddy in post-kharif season (October–November). The present study evaluates the decadal impacts of CRB during the post-rabi and post-kharif periods for the first time on PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels across 140 stations over the IGP from 2015 to 2024. Results revealed that the fire activity during the post kharif season was ~ 4 and ~ 1.5 times higher in Punjab and Haryana, respectively but ~ 56.5% lower in Uttar Pradesh (UP) as compared to the post-rabi season, with a peak burning observed in November and May months, respectively. Despite negligible fires, Delhi recorded the highest PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations during post-rabi (85.95&#xa0;µg/m³) and post-kharif (167.37&#xa0;µg/m³) season, highlighting the role of regional pollution transport. The average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration during the post-rabi season was 48.76, 71.66, 85.95 and 66.00&#xa0;µg/m³ in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and UP, with ~ 22%, 63%, 76% and 51% days exceedance to its standard limit, respectively. On the other hand, PM<sub>2.5</sub> was worsened during the post kharif, with an exceedance of ~ 90% in all states, except Punjab (~ 67% exceedance). While policies have reduced fire activities in Punjab and Haryana regions, their effectiveness is limited by the meteorological conditions and inadequate focus on post-rabi crop burning.</p>

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Impact of crop residue burning on regional air quality over the Indo-Gangetic Plain: a comparative study during different cultivation patterns

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • Anjali Singh,
  • Amarendra Singh,
  • Sumit Singh,
  • Deeksha Bajpai,
  • Rohan Anand,
  • Vivek Singh,
  • Virendra Pathak,
  • Atul Kumar Srivastava

摘要

The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in north India experiences severe seasonal air pollution from different crop residue burning (CRB) of the two different cultivation pattern such as wheat stubble in post-rabi (April–May) and paddy in post-kharif season (October–November). The present study evaluates the decadal impacts of CRB during the post-rabi and post-kharif periods for the first time on PM2.5 levels across 140 stations over the IGP from 2015 to 2024. Results revealed that the fire activity during the post kharif season was ~ 4 and ~ 1.5 times higher in Punjab and Haryana, respectively but ~ 56.5% lower in Uttar Pradesh (UP) as compared to the post-rabi season, with a peak burning observed in November and May months, respectively. Despite negligible fires, Delhi recorded the highest PM2.5 concentrations during post-rabi (85.95 µg/m³) and post-kharif (167.37 µg/m³) season, highlighting the role of regional pollution transport. The average PM2.5 concentration during the post-rabi season was 48.76, 71.66, 85.95 and 66.00 µg/m³ in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and UP, with ~ 22%, 63%, 76% and 51% days exceedance to its standard limit, respectively. On the other hand, PM2.5 was worsened during the post kharif, with an exceedance of ~ 90% in all states, except Punjab (~ 67% exceedance). While policies have reduced fire activities in Punjab and Haryana regions, their effectiveness is limited by the meteorological conditions and inadequate focus on post-rabi crop burning.