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<p>This study presents a climate-responsive framework for integrating solar energy into the cooling and heating systems of residential buildings in Mashhad, Iran—a city with an average solar irradiation of 5–6 kWh/m² per day. We modeled the Nafis 3 residential complex in two energy configurations, Non-Solar (conventional systems) and Solar (photovoltaic-integrated), across four seasonal profiles and four climate scenarios: baseline, + 1&#xa0;°C, + 2&#xa0;°C, and + 3&#xa0;°C temperature increases. The study evaluates system performance across sustainability, environmental, economic, and reliability indicators, with a focus on fluctuations in cooling and heating demand. The results indicate that, compared to the Non-Solar model, the solar-integrated configuration reduces summer energy costs by approximately 20% (e.g. from about $7,500 to $6,000 per season), carbon emissions by 25%, and climate-induced economic losses by up to $30,000 annually under the + 3&#xa0;°C scenario. However, cooling performance during peak summer hours revealed a 5–10% decrease in Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) and a drop in system reliability due to solar intermittency. This study presents a practical, simulation-based approach to support the integration of solar energy in cooling and heating strategies for climate-resilient residential infrastructure in semi-arid urban regions.</p>

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Simulation-based assessment of solar-integrated systems for climate-resilient residential buildings in semi-arid regions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Reza Yeganeh Khaksar,
  • Erfan Saket,
  • Aamir Mahmood,
  • Mohammad Gheibi,
  • Reza Moezzi,
  • Andres Annuk

摘要

This study presents a climate-responsive framework for integrating solar energy into the cooling and heating systems of residential buildings in Mashhad, Iran—a city with an average solar irradiation of 5–6 kWh/m² per day. We modeled the Nafis 3 residential complex in two energy configurations, Non-Solar (conventional systems) and Solar (photovoltaic-integrated), across four seasonal profiles and four climate scenarios: baseline, + 1 °C, + 2 °C, and + 3 °C temperature increases. The study evaluates system performance across sustainability, environmental, economic, and reliability indicators, with a focus on fluctuations in cooling and heating demand. The results indicate that, compared to the Non-Solar model, the solar-integrated configuration reduces summer energy costs by approximately 20% (e.g. from about $7,500 to $6,000 per season), carbon emissions by 25%, and climate-induced economic losses by up to $30,000 annually under the + 3 °C scenario. However, cooling performance during peak summer hours revealed a 5–10% decrease in Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) and a drop in system reliability due to solar intermittency. This study presents a practical, simulation-based approach to support the integration of solar energy in cooling and heating strategies for climate-resilient residential infrastructure in semi-arid urban regions.