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<p>Clay soils in cold regions are highly vulnerable to repeated freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), yet sustainable and effective stabilization methods that simultaneously enhance mechanical performance, frost durability, and environmental footprint remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating the synergistic stabilization of frost-susceptible clay using waste marble (WM) powder, nanozeolite (NZ), and polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVAFs). A comprehensive experimental program evaluated unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and durability index (DI), of untreated and treated soils (10% WM, up to 2% NZ, and up to 2% PVAF) subjected to up to 10 FTCs, complemented by microstructural analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified environmental performance. The optimal mixture (10% WM, 1.5% NZ, 1.5% PVAF) achieved a UCS of 7.8&#xa0;MPa (≈ 37 times that of untreated clay), an ITS of 654&#xa0;kPa, and a soaked CBR of 108%. After 10 FTCs, more than 95% of compressive strength and over 80% of bearing capacity were retained. Multi-scale microstructural analyses confirmed the formation of cementitious hydration products and a cohesive fiber-reinforced matrix. An apparent linear correlation between UCS and CBR supports practical strength estimation. The LCA showed reductions of approximately 59% in global warming potential and over 89% in mineral resource scarcity compared to conventional cement-based stabilization. These findings demonstrate that WM-NZ-PVAF stabilization offers a sustainable, frost-resilient solution for cold-region geotechnical applications, though field validation remains necessary.</p>

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Synergistic stabilization of frost-susceptible clay using waste marble powder, nanozeolite, and polyvinyl alcohol fibers for enhanced freeze-thaw durability

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Aghileh Khajeh,
  • Mahdi Salimi,
  • Abolfazl Baghbani,
  • Firas Daghistani,
  • Mohammad Mahdi Shalchian

摘要

Clay soils in cold regions are highly vulnerable to repeated freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), yet sustainable and effective stabilization methods that simultaneously enhance mechanical performance, frost durability, and environmental footprint remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating the synergistic stabilization of frost-susceptible clay using waste marble (WM) powder, nanozeolite (NZ), and polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVAFs). A comprehensive experimental program evaluated unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile strength (ITS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and durability index (DI), of untreated and treated soils (10% WM, up to 2% NZ, and up to 2% PVAF) subjected to up to 10 FTCs, complemented by microstructural analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) quantified environmental performance. The optimal mixture (10% WM, 1.5% NZ, 1.5% PVAF) achieved a UCS of 7.8 MPa (≈ 37 times that of untreated clay), an ITS of 654 kPa, and a soaked CBR of 108%. After 10 FTCs, more than 95% of compressive strength and over 80% of bearing capacity were retained. Multi-scale microstructural analyses confirmed the formation of cementitious hydration products and a cohesive fiber-reinforced matrix. An apparent linear correlation between UCS and CBR supports practical strength estimation. The LCA showed reductions of approximately 59% in global warming potential and over 89% in mineral resource scarcity compared to conventional cement-based stabilization. These findings demonstrate that WM-NZ-PVAF stabilization offers a sustainable, frost-resilient solution for cold-region geotechnical applications, though field validation remains necessary.