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<p>This study provided a pilot evaluation and proof of concept for the proposed SMART F-IMU system, designed to investigate gait characteristics in normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) participants. This system combined modified inertial measurement units (IMUs) and flexible force sensors to provide estimates of ground reaction force (GRF), joint angles, and spatiotemporal gait parameters. The SMART F-IMU appeared to address the limitations of traditional gait analysis methods, enabling convenient and affordable assessments in real-world settings. The OW/OB group exhibited significantly longer stride, stance, swing, double support, and cycle times, alongside decreased cadence and swing phase percentages, all demonstrating large effect sizes (&gt; 1.0). Statistical significance (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and large effect sizes (&gt; 0.8) were observed in the hip angle at initial contact, knee maximum extension angle in the stance phase, knee angle at toe-off, knee maximum flexion angle in the swing phase, ankle maximum plantarflexion angle in the pre-swing phase, hip adduction angle in the terminal stance, knee maximum adduction angle in the stance phase, and knee maximum adduction angle in the swing phase. This study’s results demonstrated the feasibility of the SMART F-IMU for detecting weight-induced gait alterations in non-laboratory settings, highlighting its potential for longitudinal monitoring of joint biomechanics during daily activities.</p>

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Evaluation of the biomechanics of lower limbs in normal, overweight, and obese people using the SMART F-IMU system

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Udomporn Manupibul,
  • Wimonrat Jarumethitanont,
  • Ratikanlaya Tanthuwapathom,
  • Weerawat Limroongreungrat,
  • Warakorn Charoensuk

摘要

This study provided a pilot evaluation and proof of concept for the proposed SMART F-IMU system, designed to investigate gait characteristics in normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) participants. This system combined modified inertial measurement units (IMUs) and flexible force sensors to provide estimates of ground reaction force (GRF), joint angles, and spatiotemporal gait parameters. The SMART F-IMU appeared to address the limitations of traditional gait analysis methods, enabling convenient and affordable assessments in real-world settings. The OW/OB group exhibited significantly longer stride, stance, swing, double support, and cycle times, alongside decreased cadence and swing phase percentages, all demonstrating large effect sizes (> 1.0). Statistical significance (p < 0.01) and large effect sizes (> 0.8) were observed in the hip angle at initial contact, knee maximum extension angle in the stance phase, knee angle at toe-off, knee maximum flexion angle in the swing phase, ankle maximum plantarflexion angle in the pre-swing phase, hip adduction angle in the terminal stance, knee maximum adduction angle in the stance phase, and knee maximum adduction angle in the swing phase. This study’s results demonstrated the feasibility of the SMART F-IMU for detecting weight-induced gait alterations in non-laboratory settings, highlighting its potential for longitudinal monitoring of joint biomechanics during daily activities.