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<p>The strawberry tree (<i>Arbutus andrachne</i> L.) is an underutilized Mediterranean fruit species with considerable potential as a source of nutritionally valuable and functionally important bioactive compounds. In the present study, 30 naturally growing genotypes collected from Defne district of Hatay Province, Türkiye, were comprehensively evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons (2024 and 2025) to determine the extent of variation in fruit pomological traits, color parameters, biochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and mineral content. Fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, CIELAB color coordinates (L*, a*, and b*), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total antioxidant capacity, and 16 mineral elements were assessed. In addition to univariate comparisons, multivariate statistical approaches, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis, heat map analysis, and multiple regression analysis, were applied to reveal trait interrelationships and genotype differentiation. The results demonstrated significant genotype-dependent variation for all evaluated traits, indicating broad phenotypic diversity within the studied germplasm. Fruit weight ranged from 0.29 to 1.81&#xa0;g, total phenolic content from 321.61 to 507.01&#xa0;mg GAE 100&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> FW, total flavonoid content from 125.54 to 288.87&#xa0;mg CAE 100&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> FW, total anthocyanin content from 7.22 to 20.07&#xa0;mg C3G 100&#xa0;g⁻<sup>1</sup> FW, and antioxidant capacity from 31.54% to 64.09% inhibition. Potassium was the predominant mineral, varying between 2867.29 and 8134.66&#xa0;mg kg⁻<sup>1</sup> DW. Genotype ‘AA-7’ was distinguished by superior fruit size and weight, ‘AA-19’ by outstanding macro-mineral accumulation, ‘AA-14’ by the highest antioxidant capacity, ‘AA-3’ by elevated phenolic content, and ‘AA-23’ by the highest anthocyanin concentration. Multivariate analyses revealed strong coordination among fruit size traits, structured associations among color parameters, partial coupling among biochemical variables, and an integrated pattern of mineral accumulation. Multivariate analyses further revealed that several genotypes, particularly ‘AA-7’, ‘AA-14’, ‘AA-19’, and ‘AA-23’, occupied distinct positions in the multivariate space, reflecting unique combinations of pomological, biochemical, and mineral attributes. Overall, the findings highlight the substantial breeding, conservation, and functional food potential of naturally growing strawberry tree germplasm.</p>

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Multivariate analysis of the pomological traits, biochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and mineral content of strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne L.) fruits

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Canan Aydınlıoğlu,
  • Yazgan Tunç,
  • Mehmet Yaman,
  • Muhammed Ali Köse,
  • Metin Gönültaş,
  • Ercan Yıldız,
  • Adem Güneş,
  • Ahmet Sümbül,
  • Kadir Uğurtan Yılmaz,
  • Ali Khadivi

摘要

The strawberry tree (Arbutus andrachne L.) is an underutilized Mediterranean fruit species with considerable potential as a source of nutritionally valuable and functionally important bioactive compounds. In the present study, 30 naturally growing genotypes collected from Defne district of Hatay Province, Türkiye, were comprehensively evaluated over two consecutive growing seasons (2024 and 2025) to determine the extent of variation in fruit pomological traits, color parameters, biochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and mineral content. Fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, CIELAB color coordinates (L*, a*, and b*), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total anthocyanin content, total antioxidant capacity, and 16 mineral elements were assessed. In addition to univariate comparisons, multivariate statistical approaches, including correlation analysis, principal component analysis, heat map analysis, and multiple regression analysis, were applied to reveal trait interrelationships and genotype differentiation. The results demonstrated significant genotype-dependent variation for all evaluated traits, indicating broad phenotypic diversity within the studied germplasm. Fruit weight ranged from 0.29 to 1.81 g, total phenolic content from 321.61 to 507.01 mg GAE 100 g⁻1 FW, total flavonoid content from 125.54 to 288.87 mg CAE 100 g⁻1 FW, total anthocyanin content from 7.22 to 20.07 mg C3G 100 g⁻1 FW, and antioxidant capacity from 31.54% to 64.09% inhibition. Potassium was the predominant mineral, varying between 2867.29 and 8134.66 mg kg⁻1 DW. Genotype ‘AA-7’ was distinguished by superior fruit size and weight, ‘AA-19’ by outstanding macro-mineral accumulation, ‘AA-14’ by the highest antioxidant capacity, ‘AA-3’ by elevated phenolic content, and ‘AA-23’ by the highest anthocyanin concentration. Multivariate analyses revealed strong coordination among fruit size traits, structured associations among color parameters, partial coupling among biochemical variables, and an integrated pattern of mineral accumulation. Multivariate analyses further revealed that several genotypes, particularly ‘AA-7’, ‘AA-14’, ‘AA-19’, and ‘AA-23’, occupied distinct positions in the multivariate space, reflecting unique combinations of pomological, biochemical, and mineral attributes. Overall, the findings highlight the substantial breeding, conservation, and functional food potential of naturally growing strawberry tree germplasm.