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<p>Water immersion is a popular conditioning method; specifically, high-concentration CO<sub>2</sub> hot water immersion (CO<sub>2</sub>-HWI) has become more common in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CO<sub>2</sub>-HWI in conditioning for athletes from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Ten male university baseball players participated in this randomized crossover trial. Each participant completed three 15-min interventions after team training sessions on separate experimental days: CO<sub>2</sub>-HWI (CO<sub>2</sub>; water temperature, 40&#xa0;°C; CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, 1000 ppm), tap HWI (TAP; water temperature, 40&#xa0;°C), and non-water immersion (NON; room temperature, 25&#xa0;°C; relative humidity 60%). Measurements were taken before and after the intervention, and change scores were calculated. Differences in change scores among the three conditions were analyzed using the Friedman test. From a physiological perspective, systolic blood pressure showed a significant decrease in the CO<sub>2</sub> vs. NON comparison (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas most measures (e.g., core and skin temperatures) showed similar changes in the CO<sub>2</sub> and TAP conditions compared with the NON condition (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). From a biochemical perspective, salivary cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A levels did not show significant changes. Meanwhile, salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 7 DNA levels showed a significant decrease in the CO<sub>2</sub> vs. NON comparison (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while changes in HHV-6 DNA levels were not statistically significant. In summary, CO<sub>2</sub>-HWI demonstrated comparable effectiveness to TAP-HWI from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Among these findings, CO<sub>2</sub>-HWI may contribute to reductions in systolic blood pressure and salivary HHV-7 DNA levels.</p>

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Effectiveness of high-concentration CO2 hot water immersion in conditioning for athletes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Shinsuke Tamai,
  • Mariko Nakamura,
  • Saeko Takahashi,
  • Risa Iwata,
  • Kazuya Fukami,
  • Rie Shoji,
  • Taiki Kodesho,
  • Junpei Sasadai,
  • Reia Shimizu,
  • Kohei Nakajima

摘要

Water immersion is a popular conditioning method; specifically, high-concentration CO2 hot water immersion (CO2-HWI) has become more common in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CO2-HWI in conditioning for athletes from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Ten male university baseball players participated in this randomized crossover trial. Each participant completed three 15-min interventions after team training sessions on separate experimental days: CO2-HWI (CO2; water temperature, 40 °C; CO2 concentration, 1000 ppm), tap HWI (TAP; water temperature, 40 °C), and non-water immersion (NON; room temperature, 25 °C; relative humidity 60%). Measurements were taken before and after the intervention, and change scores were calculated. Differences in change scores among the three conditions were analyzed using the Friedman test. From a physiological perspective, systolic blood pressure showed a significant decrease in the CO2 vs. NON comparison (p < 0.05), whereas most measures (e.g., core and skin temperatures) showed similar changes in the CO2 and TAP conditions compared with the NON condition (p < 0.05). From a biochemical perspective, salivary cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A levels did not show significant changes. Meanwhile, salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 7 DNA levels showed a significant decrease in the CO2 vs. NON comparison (p < 0.05), while changes in HHV-6 DNA levels were not statistically significant. In summary, CO2-HWI demonstrated comparable effectiveness to TAP-HWI from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Among these findings, CO2-HWI may contribute to reductions in systolic blood pressure and salivary HHV-7 DNA levels.