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<p>The high energy consumption of active vibration techniques limits their practicality for enhancing pool boiling heat transfer. This study presents a novel, entirely passive approach that harnesses the kinetic energy of departing bubbles to induce self-sustaining vibrations in an integrated spring mechanism. Twelve distinct spring configurations (varying in number: 3–6, and diameter: 3–6&#xa0;mm) were experimentally evaluated on a copper surface to identify the optimal design using DI water. The top-performing configuration (5 springs, 3&#xa0;mm diameter) was then tested with ethanol (70%) and a Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanofluid (0.1% vol). Results demonstrate a significant combined effect. The passive vibrator alone enhanced the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) by up to 26% in water by agitating the thermal boundary layer. When combined with the nanofluid, the HTC was enhanced by 55% compared to a plain surface, as nanoparticles increased nucleation site density and the bubble-induced vibrations amplified fluid mixing and nanoparticle dynamics. This energy-autonomous system achieves performance comparable to active methods without their associated cost and complexity, offering a highly scalable solution for thermal management systems in electronics and industrial applications.</p>

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Combined enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer using a passive bubble-actuated vibrational spring and nanofluid

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月13日

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  • Mohammadreza Jafari,
  • Ali Baghani,
  • Mohamad Ali Bijarchi,
  • Mohammad Behshad Shafii,
  • Amirreza Ghahremani

摘要

The high energy consumption of active vibration techniques limits their practicality for enhancing pool boiling heat transfer. This study presents a novel, entirely passive approach that harnesses the kinetic energy of departing bubbles to induce self-sustaining vibrations in an integrated spring mechanism. Twelve distinct spring configurations (varying in number: 3–6, and diameter: 3–6 mm) were experimentally evaluated on a copper surface to identify the optimal design using DI water. The top-performing configuration (5 springs, 3 mm diameter) was then tested with ethanol (70%) and a Fe3O4 nanofluid (0.1% vol). Results demonstrate a significant combined effect. The passive vibrator alone enhanced the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) by up to 26% in water by agitating the thermal boundary layer. When combined with the nanofluid, the HTC was enhanced by 55% compared to a plain surface, as nanoparticles increased nucleation site density and the bubble-induced vibrations amplified fluid mixing and nanoparticle dynamics. This energy-autonomous system achieves performance comparable to active methods without their associated cost and complexity, offering a highly scalable solution for thermal management systems in electronics and industrial applications.