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<p>Industrial dyes and organic pollutants pose a significant water contamination and environmental challenges. Herein, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs) were biosynthesized using <i>Equisetum diffusum</i> extract as the reducing and stabilizing agents. The successful biosynthesis of MnO₂NPs was confirmed by a characteristic UV–Vis absorption peak at 416&#xa0;nm, a band gap of 2.4&#xa0;eV, and XRD analysis, which showed a tetragonal crystalline phase with an average crystallite size of 15&#xa0;nm. SEM and DLS analyses revealed spherical nanoparticles with average sizes of 55.73 ± 1.17&#xa0;nm and 66.2 ± 3.4&#xa0;nm, respectively, while a zeta potential of − 63.4 ± 5.8 mV indicated excellent colloidal stability. The biosynthesized MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs were investigated for their photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and para-nitrophenol (PNP) under sunlight irradiation. The biosynthesized MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs exhibited improved degradation efficiencies of 92 for MB, 93 for MO, and 90% for PNP in 100&#xa0;min under pH 7 conditions. At a dye concentration of 10&#xa0;mg/L, the degradation of MB, MO, and PNP was 92, 93, and 90%, respectively. Additionally, MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs dosage of 10&#xa0;mg/L, the degradation of MB, MO, and PNP reached 92, 93, and 91%, respectively. Moreover, recyclability studies demonstrated minimal loss of catalytic activity over five consecutive cycles, indicating the stability of the MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs. This eco-friendly synthesis of MnO<sub>2</sub>NPs offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for wastewater treatment, highlighting their potential application in environmental remediation and pollutant degradation.</p>

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Green synthesis and characterization of manganese oxide nanoparticles using Equisetum diffusum D. Don. extract for efficient dye removal from simulated waste water

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Nasir Assad,
  • Hadia Khalid,
  • Muhammad Naeem-ul-Hassan,
  • Muhammad Fayyaz ur Rehman,
  • Marzia Batool Laila,
  • Maria kanwal,
  • Tooba,
  • Mahnoor Sadiq,
  • Ahmed Vandy,
  • Muhammad Ali,
  • Rehan Ullah

摘要

Industrial dyes and organic pollutants pose a significant water contamination and environmental challenges. Herein, manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2NPs) were biosynthesized using Equisetum diffusum extract as the reducing and stabilizing agents. The successful biosynthesis of MnO₂NPs was confirmed by a characteristic UV–Vis absorption peak at 416 nm, a band gap of 2.4 eV, and XRD analysis, which showed a tetragonal crystalline phase with an average crystallite size of 15 nm. SEM and DLS analyses revealed spherical nanoparticles with average sizes of 55.73 ± 1.17 nm and 66.2 ± 3.4 nm, respectively, while a zeta potential of − 63.4 ± 5.8 mV indicated excellent colloidal stability. The biosynthesized MnO2NPs were investigated for their photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and para-nitrophenol (PNP) under sunlight irradiation. The biosynthesized MnO2NPs exhibited improved degradation efficiencies of 92 for MB, 93 for MO, and 90% for PNP in 100 min under pH 7 conditions. At a dye concentration of 10 mg/L, the degradation of MB, MO, and PNP was 92, 93, and 90%, respectively. Additionally, MnO2NPs dosage of 10 mg/L, the degradation of MB, MO, and PNP reached 92, 93, and 91%, respectively. Moreover, recyclability studies demonstrated minimal loss of catalytic activity over five consecutive cycles, indicating the stability of the MnO2NPs. This eco-friendly synthesis of MnO2NPs offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for wastewater treatment, highlighting their potential application in environmental remediation and pollutant degradation.