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<p>To meet Yantai City’s 2030 hydrogen demand (1000 tons for 12 refueling stations), this study develops a quantitative model to assess high-pressure gaseous (CGH<sub>2</sub>, 700&#xa0;bar) and liquid hydrogen (LH<sub>2</sub>) across truck, railway, maritime, and pipeline modes. The model systematically analyzes key performance indicators to optimize supply configurations based on Yantai’s geography. For short-distance transport (e.g., Qingdao → Yantai, 200&#xa0;km), CGH<sub>2</sub> by truck is optimal, with a unit cost of 5.22 CNY/kg, low loss (0.1%), and superior energy efficiency. For long-distance inland routes (e.g., Ordos → Yantai, 1500&#xa0;km), CGH<sub>2</sub> by rail offers a viable pathway at 3.22 CNY/kg, ideal for inland green hydrogen bases. For international imports (e.g., Australia → Yantai, 8000&#xa0;km), LH<sub>2</sub> by ship shows a high cost of 14.35 CNY/kg, rendering it economically unattractive due to shipping costs and evaporative losses. Pipeline transport (e.g., Tianjin → Yantai, 300&#xa0;km) yields prohibitively high costs (CGH<sub>2</sub>: 57.23; LH<sub>2</sub>: 81.53 CNY/kg) at this scale, due to high upfront infrastructure investment. Thus, pipelines should be a long-term strategic option for future large-scale networks. This study confirms that hydrogen form and transport distance are pivotal factors influencing total cost. It advocates for prioritizing a multimodal CGH<sub>2</sub>-based network in the near term. The findings provide quantitative guidance for Yantai’s hydrogen planning and establish a transferable methodological framework for designing hydrogen strategies in comparable coastal cities.</p>

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A multi-modal techno-economic comparison of gaseous and liquid hydrogen routes using Yantai as a case study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Heng Xu,
  • Jun Li,
  • Jian-Jie Lu,
  • Young-Woo Kim

摘要

To meet Yantai City’s 2030 hydrogen demand (1000 tons for 12 refueling stations), this study develops a quantitative model to assess high-pressure gaseous (CGH2, 700 bar) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) across truck, railway, maritime, and pipeline modes. The model systematically analyzes key performance indicators to optimize supply configurations based on Yantai’s geography. For short-distance transport (e.g., Qingdao → Yantai, 200 km), CGH2 by truck is optimal, with a unit cost of 5.22 CNY/kg, low loss (0.1%), and superior energy efficiency. For long-distance inland routes (e.g., Ordos → Yantai, 1500 km), CGH2 by rail offers a viable pathway at 3.22 CNY/kg, ideal for inland green hydrogen bases. For international imports (e.g., Australia → Yantai, 8000 km), LH2 by ship shows a high cost of 14.35 CNY/kg, rendering it economically unattractive due to shipping costs and evaporative losses. Pipeline transport (e.g., Tianjin → Yantai, 300 km) yields prohibitively high costs (CGH2: 57.23; LH2: 81.53 CNY/kg) at this scale, due to high upfront infrastructure investment. Thus, pipelines should be a long-term strategic option for future large-scale networks. This study confirms that hydrogen form and transport distance are pivotal factors influencing total cost. It advocates for prioritizing a multimodal CGH2-based network in the near term. The findings provide quantitative guidance for Yantai’s hydrogen planning and establish a transferable methodological framework for designing hydrogen strategies in comparable coastal cities.