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<p>Cryogels, owing to their low density, high porosity, lightweight structure, and interconnected three-dimensional network, have gained significant attention for biomedical applications. In the present study, a chalcone-based phenothiazine dye derivative (PTZ-chalcone) was successfully synthesized via direct condensation of 2-acetyl-5-bromothiophene with phenothiazine carboxaldehyde derivatives (Ib) using the Kröhnke method in methanolic KOH. The chemical structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by spectral analysis. The PTZ-chalcone derivative was subsequently incorporated into chitosan (CS) cryogel matrix to fabricate sponge-like biomaterials. The resulting PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels were systematically characterized and evaluated, with particular emphasis on their antibacterial properties and their potential use as a wound dressing matrix. Likewise, the PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels displayed strong antibacterial action. In particular, the bactericidal effects of cryogels (CSC2 and CSC3) were demonstrated against <i>Escherichia coli</i> (33.5 ± 0.1&#xa0;mm), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (32.4 ± 0.28&#xa0;mm), <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (31.2 ± 0.41&#xa0;mm), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (29.2 ± 0.28&#xa0;mm), <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (28.7 ± 0.35&#xa0;mm), and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (27.5 ± 0.81&#xa0;mm). The strong antibacterial activity of the PTZ-chalcone compound was validated by bacterial growth curves and protein leakage assays, demonstrating its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes. In the Microtox<sup>®</sup> assay, the cryogels exhibited superior thermal stability and biocompatibility with no harmful effects. Further, the molecular docking analysis showed that PTZ-chalcone has a high binding affinity for proteins ((CDK6 and CDK2), suggesting potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. These results imply that chalcone-loaded CS cryogels are efficient multifunctional biomaterials with great potential for woundhealing applications.</p>

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Phenothiazine dye-loaded chitosan cryogels as multifunctional antibacterial wound dressings

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Reem Ghonaim,
  • Bahaa A. Hemdan,
  • Hesham R. El-Seedi,
  • Mohamed M. A. Badr,
  • Tarek S. Aysha,
  • Mervat S. El-Sedik,
  • Samar A. El-Kholy,
  • Mehrez E. El-Naggar

摘要

Cryogels, owing to their low density, high porosity, lightweight structure, and interconnected three-dimensional network, have gained significant attention for biomedical applications. In the present study, a chalcone-based phenothiazine dye derivative (PTZ-chalcone) was successfully synthesized via direct condensation of 2-acetyl-5-bromothiophene with phenothiazine carboxaldehyde derivatives (Ib) using the Kröhnke method in methanolic KOH. The chemical structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by spectral analysis. The PTZ-chalcone derivative was subsequently incorporated into chitosan (CS) cryogel matrix to fabricate sponge-like biomaterials. The resulting PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels were systematically characterized and evaluated, with particular emphasis on their antibacterial properties and their potential use as a wound dressing matrix. Likewise, the PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels displayed strong antibacterial action. In particular, the bactericidal effects of cryogels (CSC2 and CSC3) were demonstrated against Escherichia coli (33.5 ± 0.1 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.4 ± 0.28 mm), Acinetobacter baumannii (31.2 ± 0.41 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (29.2 ± 0.28 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (28.7 ± 0.35 mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (27.5 ± 0.81 mm). The strong antibacterial activity of the PTZ-chalcone compound was validated by bacterial growth curves and protein leakage assays, demonstrating its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes. In the Microtox® assay, the cryogels exhibited superior thermal stability and biocompatibility with no harmful effects. Further, the molecular docking analysis showed that PTZ-chalcone has a high binding affinity for proteins ((CDK6 and CDK2), suggesting potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. These results imply that chalcone-loaded CS cryogels are efficient multifunctional biomaterials with great potential for woundhealing applications.