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<p>Red lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>), a vibrant and nutrient-rich salad vegetable, stands out as a cornerstone of modern nutrition in agriculture. This study investigated the effects of various water sources, including coherent structured water (CSW), hybrid water (HW) and deionized water (DW)(control), alongside two concentrations of sodium selenate (0 ppm (control) and 2 ppm), on the growth and physiological traits of red lettuce in a hydroponic greenhouse environment. The results revealed the highest head height was recorded in the HW + 2 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> SS treatment, achieving a 17% increase compared to the control (0 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> SS). The leaf area ratio (LAR) peaked at 32.6 in the CSW treatment, representing a 35% increase over DW + 0 SS (21.14). The leaf area index (LAI) reached its maximum at 0.47 in HW, while the chlorophyll index was highest at 27.45 in HW. Aerial fresh weight significantly improved in the HW + 2 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> SS treatment, with a 52% increase over the control (37.7&#xa0;g), while root fresh weight also showed a 33% increase under the same conditions, reaching 14.4&#xa0;g. The highest dry weight of the aerial parts (ADW) was observed in the HW treatment, while the highest dry weight of the roots (RDW) was recorded in the CSW treatment. Biochemical analyses indicated that sodium selenate positively influenced enzymatic activities, total soluble protein, and proline content. Notably, nitrate accumulation was highest in DW + 0 SS (2145&#xa0;mg kg<sup>− 1</sup>), while the HW + 2 mg L<sup>− 1</sup> SS treatment exhibited the highest nitrate reductase activity (0.091 µM NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup> g⁻¹ FW h⁻¹). Significant interactions were observed for stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and water use efficiency (WUE). Transpiration rates were lowest in the HW treatment, showing a 53% reduction from DW. Water use efficiency peaked at 16.76 µmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹ H₂O in CSW with SS (2 mg L<sup>− 1</sup>), a 62.4% increase over the control. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing water sources and nutrient applications to improve lettuce yield. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these treatments and their applicability to other crops, and present the usefulness of these techniques in increasing water use efficiency in agriculture.</p>

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Enhancement of red lettuce growth and photosynthesis through the use of coherent-structure and hybrid water sources supplemented with sodium selenate

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Fatemeh Chalipa,
  • Najmeh Zeinalipour,
  • Safoora Saadati,
  • Hamid Reza Roosta

摘要

Red lettuce (Lactuca sativa), a vibrant and nutrient-rich salad vegetable, stands out as a cornerstone of modern nutrition in agriculture. This study investigated the effects of various water sources, including coherent structured water (CSW), hybrid water (HW) and deionized water (DW)(control), alongside two concentrations of sodium selenate (0 ppm (control) and 2 ppm), on the growth and physiological traits of red lettuce in a hydroponic greenhouse environment. The results revealed the highest head height was recorded in the HW + 2 mg L− 1 SS treatment, achieving a 17% increase compared to the control (0 mg L− 1 SS). The leaf area ratio (LAR) peaked at 32.6 in the CSW treatment, representing a 35% increase over DW + 0 SS (21.14). The leaf area index (LAI) reached its maximum at 0.47 in HW, while the chlorophyll index was highest at 27.45 in HW. Aerial fresh weight significantly improved in the HW + 2 mg L− 1 SS treatment, with a 52% increase over the control (37.7 g), while root fresh weight also showed a 33% increase under the same conditions, reaching 14.4 g. The highest dry weight of the aerial parts (ADW) was observed in the HW treatment, while the highest dry weight of the roots (RDW) was recorded in the CSW treatment. Biochemical analyses indicated that sodium selenate positively influenced enzymatic activities, total soluble protein, and proline content. Notably, nitrate accumulation was highest in DW + 0 SS (2145 mg kg− 1), while the HW + 2 mg L− 1 SS treatment exhibited the highest nitrate reductase activity (0.091 µM NO2− g⁻¹ FW h⁻¹). Significant interactions were observed for stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and water use efficiency (WUE). Transpiration rates were lowest in the HW treatment, showing a 53% reduction from DW. Water use efficiency peaked at 16.76 µmol CO₂ mmol⁻¹ H₂O in CSW with SS (2 mg L− 1), a 62.4% increase over the control. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing water sources and nutrient applications to improve lettuce yield. Future research should explore the long-term effects of these treatments and their applicability to other crops, and present the usefulness of these techniques in increasing water use efficiency in agriculture.