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<p>Prior Sihler-based and landmark-referenced studies have described intramuscular innervation of the human masseter. However, bilateral series-based descriptions focused on within-field arborisation morphology and the distribution of terminal branching within a standardised field of view remain limited. We analysed 60 masseter muscles from 30 adult body donors using a modified Sihler whole-mount staining protocol. A standardised circular field of view was evaluated to (1) classify within-field branching morphology and (2) localise the region of highest terminal arborisation density (HTAD) within the field. Two recurring within-field branching patterns were classified according to predefined morphological criteria: Type I, characterised by a compact branching configuration, and Type II, characterised by a broader fan-like/tree-like branching configuration within the photographed field. Type I predominated (<i>n</i> = 24/30; 80%), whereas Type II was less frequent (<i>n</i> = 6/30; 20%). The within-field pattern was bilaterally concordant in all individuals. The HTAD region was described using an operational sector-based definition within the photographed field-of-view and may provide a descriptive reference for understanding visible terminal arborisation morphology. These findings support hypothesis generation and highlight the need for future landmark-referenced whole-muscle studies to relate within-field branching patterns to motor entry points, functional correlates and clinically validated applications.</p>

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Intramuscular innervation of the human masseter muscle: whole-mount Sihler analysis and a field-of-view–based descriptive framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Łukasz Olewnik,
  • Ingrid C. Landfald,
  • Lyubomir Gaydarski,
  • Yuriy Vasil’ev,
  • Michał Podgórski

摘要

Prior Sihler-based and landmark-referenced studies have described intramuscular innervation of the human masseter. However, bilateral series-based descriptions focused on within-field arborisation morphology and the distribution of terminal branching within a standardised field of view remain limited. We analysed 60 masseter muscles from 30 adult body donors using a modified Sihler whole-mount staining protocol. A standardised circular field of view was evaluated to (1) classify within-field branching morphology and (2) localise the region of highest terminal arborisation density (HTAD) within the field. Two recurring within-field branching patterns were classified according to predefined morphological criteria: Type I, characterised by a compact branching configuration, and Type II, characterised by a broader fan-like/tree-like branching configuration within the photographed field. Type I predominated (n = 24/30; 80%), whereas Type II was less frequent (n = 6/30; 20%). The within-field pattern was bilaterally concordant in all individuals. The HTAD region was described using an operational sector-based definition within the photographed field-of-view and may provide a descriptive reference for understanding visible terminal arborisation morphology. These findings support hypothesis generation and highlight the need for future landmark-referenced whole-muscle studies to relate within-field branching patterns to motor entry points, functional correlates and clinically validated applications.