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<p>This study investigates the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) incorporation (0–50 wt.%) on the structural, thermal, and tribological properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer composites (GPCs). The bulk density of the composites increased progressively from 1.81&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup> for the control sample to 2.86&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 50 wt.% TiO<sub>2</sub>, while apparent porosity decreased from 33.47 to 23.48%. Water absorption was correspondingly reduced from 8.43 to 5.34% after 24&#xa0;h immersion, confirming the pore-filling effect of TiO<sub>2</sub>. XRD and FTIR analyses indicated the coexistence of amorphous aluminosilicate gel, residual quartz, and anatase reflections, with Ti–O and Ti–O–Si vibrations confirming the physical embedding of TiO<sub>2</sub> without disrupting the geopolymeric framework. SEM micrographs revealed that higher TiO<sub>2</sub> content led to a denser morphology with fewer pores, confirming densification. DSC/TGA revealed that TiO<sub>2</sub> addition enhanced stability and reduced low-temperature mass loss. Pin-on-disc testing showed that adding 40 wt.% TiO<sub>2</sub> significantly improved tribological performance, reducing the wear rate from 3.45 × 10<sup>−5</sup> to 1.12 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N m and the steady-state friction coefficient from 0.36 to 0.29. These results confirm the dual role of TiO<sub>2</sub> as a microstructural densifier and a reinforcing agent, enabling the development of geopolymer composites with enhanced durability, thermal stability, and wear resistance suitable for high-performance structural applications in extreme environments.</p>

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Assessment of tribological performance and thermal stability of metakaolin-based geopolymer composites reinforced with high TiO2 concentration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Mohamed Ali Hassan,
  • Shiamaa Awys,
  • Mahmoud Abd El-Aleem Ali Ali EL-Remaily

摘要

This study investigates the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) incorporation (0–50 wt.%) on the structural, thermal, and tribological properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer composites (GPCs). The bulk density of the composites increased progressively from 1.81 g/cm3 for the control sample to 2.86 g/cm3 at 50 wt.% TiO2, while apparent porosity decreased from 33.47 to 23.48%. Water absorption was correspondingly reduced from 8.43 to 5.34% after 24 h immersion, confirming the pore-filling effect of TiO2. XRD and FTIR analyses indicated the coexistence of amorphous aluminosilicate gel, residual quartz, and anatase reflections, with Ti–O and Ti–O–Si vibrations confirming the physical embedding of TiO2 without disrupting the geopolymeric framework. SEM micrographs revealed that higher TiO2 content led to a denser morphology with fewer pores, confirming densification. DSC/TGA revealed that TiO2 addition enhanced stability and reduced low-temperature mass loss. Pin-on-disc testing showed that adding 40 wt.% TiO2 significantly improved tribological performance, reducing the wear rate from 3.45 × 10−5 to 1.12 × 10−5 mm3/N m and the steady-state friction coefficient from 0.36 to 0.29. These results confirm the dual role of TiO2 as a microstructural densifier and a reinforcing agent, enabling the development of geopolymer composites with enhanced durability, thermal stability, and wear resistance suitable for high-performance structural applications in extreme environments.