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<p>This study evaluates the repurposed application of an expired non-sedating antihistamine drug (ENSAD), fexofenadine hydrochloride, as a high-performance “green” corrosion inhibitor for copper in 1.0&#xa0;M HCl. Gravimetric results demonstrate a concentration-dependent inhibition efficiency reaching 96.4% at 120 ppm, with remarkable long-term stability (&gt; 92.5% efficiency after 72&#xa0;h). Adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the formation of a stable monolayer. The calculated Gibbs free energy (∆<i>G</i><sup>o</sup><sub>ads</sub> =-33.8&#xa0;kJ mol<sup>− 1</sup>) confirms a comprehensive physicochemical adsorption mechanism involving both electrostatic attraction and chemical coordination. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the addition of ENSAD increased the activation energy from 30.36 to 53.89&#xa0;kJ mol⁻¹, creating a substantial energy barrier against metallic dissolution. Electrochemical studies (PDP and EIS) confirmed ENSAD as a mixed-type inhibitor that significantly enhances charge transfer resistance (<i>R</i><sub><i>c</i>t</sub>). Quantum chemical parameters, including a low energy gap (ΔE<sub>g</sub> = 2.361&#xa0;eV) and high softness (S = 0.424 eV<sup>− 1</sup>), corroborate the high reactivity and electron-donating capability of the molecule’s heteroatoms (N, O) and π-systems. Surface characterization (SEM/EDX) visually and chemically confirmed the presence of a robust organic film. These findings position ENSAD as a technically viable, thermally stable, and sustainable alternative for corrosion protection in industrial acid cleaning and low-temperature desalination stages.</p>

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Expired fexofenadine hydrochloride acts as a high-performance sustainable corrosion inhibitor for copper in MSF desalination applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • El-Sayed Khafagy,
  • Ashraf M. Ashmawy,
  • Amr Selim Abu Lila,
  • Ahmed Al Saqr,
  • Mohammed F. Aldawsari,
  • M. A. Deyab

摘要

This study evaluates the repurposed application of an expired non-sedating antihistamine drug (ENSAD), fexofenadine hydrochloride, as a high-performance “green” corrosion inhibitor for copper in 1.0 M HCl. Gravimetric results demonstrate a concentration-dependent inhibition efficiency reaching 96.4% at 120 ppm, with remarkable long-term stability (> 92.5% efficiency after 72 h). Adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating the formation of a stable monolayer. The calculated Gibbs free energy (∆Goads =-33.8 kJ mol− 1) confirms a comprehensive physicochemical adsorption mechanism involving both electrostatic attraction and chemical coordination. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the addition of ENSAD increased the activation energy from 30.36 to 53.89 kJ mol⁻¹, creating a substantial energy barrier against metallic dissolution. Electrochemical studies (PDP and EIS) confirmed ENSAD as a mixed-type inhibitor that significantly enhances charge transfer resistance (Rct). Quantum chemical parameters, including a low energy gap (ΔEg = 2.361 eV) and high softness (S = 0.424 eV− 1), corroborate the high reactivity and electron-donating capability of the molecule’s heteroatoms (N, O) and π-systems. Surface characterization (SEM/EDX) visually and chemically confirmed the presence of a robust organic film. These findings position ENSAD as a technically viable, thermally stable, and sustainable alternative for corrosion protection in industrial acid cleaning and low-temperature desalination stages.