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<p>A ubiquitously available and accurate non-invasive ventilatory threshold assessment (NIVA) would substantially improve real-world performance assessment evaluation in both clinical and elite sports settings. We hypothesised that ECG-derived ventilatory phase analysis achieves reference-standard accuracy for second ventilatory threshold (VT2) determination. 74 healthy adults performed stepwise cardiopulmonary exercise testing with simultaneous lactate sampling to retrieve VT2 and lactate-based (Dmax; LT2) thresholds. Threshold agreement was evaluated for heart rate (HR) and exercise load (W) between VT2, LT2, age-estimated HR (HR-Est) and NIVA. In 66 assessable datasets, NIVA and VT2 yielded equivalent threshold estimates for HR (− 0.46&#xa0;bpm; 90% CI [− 2.10;1.17]) and exercise load (0.46&#xa0;W; 90% CI [− 2.35; 3.27]). VT2 and HR-Est diverged (HR − 7.22&#xa0;bpm, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001; load − 6.26&#xa0;W; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). LT2 was available in 58 subjects and differed from both VT2 (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and NIVA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Correlations supported these findings, with close associations between VT2 and NIVA (HR <i>r</i> = 0.84; load <i>r</i> = 0.96). NIVA derived a high-intensity performance threshold from ECG signals with reference-standard fidelity and showed close agreement with CPET-derived VT2. Its performance and accessibility make it attractive for frequent reassessment of a VT2-aligned threshold without the need for spiroergometry or lactate measurements. Validation across devices, protocols, populations, and real-world signal conditions is warranted.</p>

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Unlocking high-intensity performance thresholds through ventilatory signatures in the ECG

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • V. Heinz,
  • N. Pilz,
  • L. Fesseler,
  • T. Lindner,
  • L. Malotka,
  • O. Opatz,
  • D. Blottner,
  • O. Anosov,
  • A. Patzak,
  • Michael Fähling,
  • T. L. Bothe

摘要

A ubiquitously available and accurate non-invasive ventilatory threshold assessment (NIVA) would substantially improve real-world performance assessment evaluation in both clinical and elite sports settings. We hypothesised that ECG-derived ventilatory phase analysis achieves reference-standard accuracy for second ventilatory threshold (VT2) determination. 74 healthy adults performed stepwise cardiopulmonary exercise testing with simultaneous lactate sampling to retrieve VT2 and lactate-based (Dmax; LT2) thresholds. Threshold agreement was evaluated for heart rate (HR) and exercise load (W) between VT2, LT2, age-estimated HR (HR-Est) and NIVA. In 66 assessable datasets, NIVA and VT2 yielded equivalent threshold estimates for HR (− 0.46 bpm; 90% CI [− 2.10;1.17]) and exercise load (0.46 W; 90% CI [− 2.35; 3.27]). VT2 and HR-Est diverged (HR − 7.22 bpm, p < 0.001; load − 6.26 W; p < 0.001). LT2 was available in 58 subjects and differed from both VT2 (p < 0.001) and NIVA (p < 0.001). Correlations supported these findings, with close associations between VT2 and NIVA (HR r = 0.84; load r = 0.96). NIVA derived a high-intensity performance threshold from ECG signals with reference-standard fidelity and showed close agreement with CPET-derived VT2. Its performance and accessibility make it attractive for frequent reassessment of a VT2-aligned threshold without the need for spiroergometry or lactate measurements. Validation across devices, protocols, populations, and real-world signal conditions is warranted.