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<p>A series of Ru<sub>x</sub>NiCo<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (RNCO; x = 0.00–0.10) spinel oxides at nanoscale were synthesized using a microwave hydrothermal (M-H) process. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics were investigated by various characterizations. The X-ray diffraction results confirm the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with an <i>Fd</i>-3 <i>m</i> space group for all compositions. The lattice parameter decreases linearly from 8.089&#xa0;Å (x = 0.00) to 8.085&#xa0;Å (x = 0.10). Field emission scanning microscopy images reveal nanoparticles with elongated and spherical morphologies, with average grain sizes ranging from 32&#xa0;nm (x = 0.06) to 55&#xa0;nm (x = 0.10). Fourier transform infrared spectra exhibit characteristic metal–oxygen vibrational bands around 656&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup>, confirming spinel oxide formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis verifies the presence of mixed valence states of Ni<sup>2+</sup>/Ni<sup>3+</sup>, Co<sup>2+</sup>/Co<sup>3+</sup>, and Ru<sup>3+</sup>/Ru<sup>2+</sup>. Electrochemical studies demonstrate enhanced pseudocapacitive behavior with Ru incorporation. The results were corroborated to Randles’s, Dunn’s and impedance analysis. Notably, the Ru<sub>0.06</sub>NiCo<sub>1.4</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (RNCO-4) electrode delivers a superior specific capacitance of 1541&#xa0;F g<sup>−1</sup>, and an energy density of 53.35&#xa0;Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at a power density of 2233&#xa0;W kg<sup>−1</sup>. These results indicate that Ru-substituted NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel oxides synthesized via the Microwave-Hydrothermal (M-H) route resulted in novel electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.</p>

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Microwave-hydrothermally synthesized RuxNiCo2-xO4 spinel oxide nanoparticles for high-performance pseudocapacitor electrodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • I. Tejaswi,
  • K. Anusha,
  • S. Katlakunta,
  • Ch. Shilpa Chakra,
  • N. Venkata Prasad,
  • Md. Shareefuddin,
  • D. Sreenivasu,
  • B. Ravinder Reddy

摘要

A series of RuxNiCo2-xO4 (RNCO; x = 0.00–0.10) spinel oxides at nanoscale were synthesized using a microwave hydrothermal (M-H) process. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characteristics were investigated by various characterizations. The X-ray diffraction results confirm the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with an Fd-3 m space group for all compositions. The lattice parameter decreases linearly from 8.089 Å (x = 0.00) to 8.085 Å (x = 0.10). Field emission scanning microscopy images reveal nanoparticles with elongated and spherical morphologies, with average grain sizes ranging from 32 nm (x = 0.06) to 55 nm (x = 0.10). Fourier transform infrared spectra exhibit characteristic metal–oxygen vibrational bands around 656 cm−1, confirming spinel oxide formation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis verifies the presence of mixed valence states of Ni2+/Ni3+, Co2+/Co3+, and Ru3+/Ru2+. Electrochemical studies demonstrate enhanced pseudocapacitive behavior with Ru incorporation. The results were corroborated to Randles’s, Dunn’s and impedance analysis. Notably, the Ru0.06NiCo1.4O4 (RNCO-4) electrode delivers a superior specific capacitance of 1541 F g−1, and an energy density of 53.35 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 2233 W kg−1. These results indicate that Ru-substituted NiCo2O4 spinel oxides synthesized via the Microwave-Hydrothermal (M-H) route resulted in novel electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.