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<p>The present study investigates the effectiveness of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced soybean oil as a nano-lubricant under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for machining Monel 400 alloy. CNTs were dispersed in soybean oil at varying concentrations (0–0.8 vol%), and their thermo-physical properties were evaluated through wettability (contact angle) and rheological (viscosity) analyses. The results identified 0.5 vol% CNT as the optimal concentration, exhibiting improved wettability and enhanced viscosity, which are favorable for stable lubricating film formation. Machining experiments were conducted under different lubrication environments, namely dry, compressed air, pure soybean oil, and CNT-enriched soybean oil. The results demonstrated that the CNT-based nano-lubricant significantly improved machining performance. Relative to dry machining conditions, substantial improvements were observed across all performance metrics. Surface roughness decreased by 73.7%, while cutting force and cutting temperature were reduced by 56.1% and 59.0%, respectively. In addition, tool wear exhibited a significant decline of 82.1%, indicating enhanced machining efficiency and tool longevity. These improvements are attributed to the superior tribological characteristics of CNTs, including tribo-film formation, enhanced thermal conductivity, reduced interfacial shear resistance, and improved load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, a Taguchi L<sub>16</sub> experimental design integrated with a Fuzzy Mamdani inference system was employed to determine the optimal machining conditions. The best-performing combination of machining conditions—cutting speed of 70&#xa0;m/min, feed rate of 0.05&#xa0;mm/tooth, and depth of cut of 0.15&#xa0;mm under CNT-MQL lubrication—resulted in the maximum multi-performance characteristics index (MPCI), achieving a value of 0.78. Overall, CNT-reinforced soybean oil demonstrates strong potential as an effective nano-lubricant for improving machining performance of nickel-based alloys under MQL conditions. The findings of this research demonstrate that nano-lubrication incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serves as a promising strategy to significantly improve machining performance, prolong tool durability, and achieve superior surface finish when processing hard-to-machine materials.</p>

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Carbon nanotube reinforced soybean oil for sustainable machining of Monel 400: experimental investigation and FIS-based optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月3日

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  • Mustafa Abdullah,
  • Pardeep Singh Bains,
  • Kumel K. Nagori,
  • T. Ramachandran,
  • Shahbaz Juneja,
  • Hrushikesh Sarangi,
  • Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan,
  • Pradeep Kumar Singh,
  • A Bhowmik,
  • Yalew Tamene

摘要

The present study investigates the effectiveness of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced soybean oil as a nano-lubricant under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for machining Monel 400 alloy. CNTs were dispersed in soybean oil at varying concentrations (0–0.8 vol%), and their thermo-physical properties were evaluated through wettability (contact angle) and rheological (viscosity) analyses. The results identified 0.5 vol% CNT as the optimal concentration, exhibiting improved wettability and enhanced viscosity, which are favorable for stable lubricating film formation. Machining experiments were conducted under different lubrication environments, namely dry, compressed air, pure soybean oil, and CNT-enriched soybean oil. The results demonstrated that the CNT-based nano-lubricant significantly improved machining performance. Relative to dry machining conditions, substantial improvements were observed across all performance metrics. Surface roughness decreased by 73.7%, while cutting force and cutting temperature were reduced by 56.1% and 59.0%, respectively. In addition, tool wear exhibited a significant decline of 82.1%, indicating enhanced machining efficiency and tool longevity. These improvements are attributed to the superior tribological characteristics of CNTs, including tribo-film formation, enhanced thermal conductivity, reduced interfacial shear resistance, and improved load-bearing capacity. Furthermore, a Taguchi L16 experimental design integrated with a Fuzzy Mamdani inference system was employed to determine the optimal machining conditions. The best-performing combination of machining conditions—cutting speed of 70 m/min, feed rate of 0.05 mm/tooth, and depth of cut of 0.15 mm under CNT-MQL lubrication—resulted in the maximum multi-performance characteristics index (MPCI), achieving a value of 0.78. Overall, CNT-reinforced soybean oil demonstrates strong potential as an effective nano-lubricant for improving machining performance of nickel-based alloys under MQL conditions. The findings of this research demonstrate that nano-lubrication incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serves as a promising strategy to significantly improve machining performance, prolong tool durability, and achieve superior surface finish when processing hard-to-machine materials.