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<p>This study demonstrates that a Particle Swarm Optimization-tuned Linear Quadratic Regulator (PSO-LQR) active suspension controller achieves dramatic improvements in the dynamics of repurposed medium-duty public buses, a critical need for fleet electrification and retrofit programs. High-fidelity simulations under varied road conditions, including single/triple bumps and an ISO-standard random profile, show the PSO-LQR significantly outperforms conventional passive and PID-controlled systems. Key performance metrics reveal reductions of 73.6% in rattle space, 44.2% in tire deflection, and 86% in sprung mass velocity compared to the passive baseline. In stark contrast, the PID controller exhibited negligible benefit, performing similarly to the passive system due to inherent phase lag and gain sensitivity, underscoring its inadequacy for this high-inertia retrofit application. The work specifically addresses the gap in tailored control strategies for repurposed vehicles, which exhibit distinct dynamic challenges like high sprung mass and stiff suspension. Our contributions are threefold: (1) a novel PSO-LQR control framework optimized for these vehicles, (2) comprehensive performance benchmarking under realistic operating conditions, and (3) critical analysis of conventional PID failure modes in retrofit suspensions. The findings validate the PSO-LQR as a superior and viable control strategy, directly supporting the development of cost-effective active suspension solutions for sustainable mobility. Experimental validation through hardware-in-the-loop or prototype testing is highlighted as the essential next step for practical implementation.</p>

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Particle swarm optimization tuned LQR controller design for enhanced active suspension performance in repurposed medium public buses under varied road conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Tsegaye Birhanu Melaku,
  • Hussen Agegnehu Ali,
  • Melese Shiferaw Kebede

摘要

This study demonstrates that a Particle Swarm Optimization-tuned Linear Quadratic Regulator (PSO-LQR) active suspension controller achieves dramatic improvements in the dynamics of repurposed medium-duty public buses, a critical need for fleet electrification and retrofit programs. High-fidelity simulations under varied road conditions, including single/triple bumps and an ISO-standard random profile, show the PSO-LQR significantly outperforms conventional passive and PID-controlled systems. Key performance metrics reveal reductions of 73.6% in rattle space, 44.2% in tire deflection, and 86% in sprung mass velocity compared to the passive baseline. In stark contrast, the PID controller exhibited negligible benefit, performing similarly to the passive system due to inherent phase lag and gain sensitivity, underscoring its inadequacy for this high-inertia retrofit application. The work specifically addresses the gap in tailored control strategies for repurposed vehicles, which exhibit distinct dynamic challenges like high sprung mass and stiff suspension. Our contributions are threefold: (1) a novel PSO-LQR control framework optimized for these vehicles, (2) comprehensive performance benchmarking under realistic operating conditions, and (3) critical analysis of conventional PID failure modes in retrofit suspensions. The findings validate the PSO-LQR as a superior and viable control strategy, directly supporting the development of cost-effective active suspension solutions for sustainable mobility. Experimental validation through hardware-in-the-loop or prototype testing is highlighted as the essential next step for practical implementation.