<p>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are highly affected by psychological factors and may also be associated with socioeconomic disadvantages. This study aimed to investigate whether psychosocial and demographic factors of women with TMD differ between two countries with different socioeconomic development levels. 300 women with myogenous TMD in Brazil (<i>n</i> = 141) and Sweden (<i>n</i> = 159) were characterized regarding sociodemographic and psychological data and were clinically examined according to Axis I and II of the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. The cohorts were compared regarding demographics, characteristic pain intensity, pain interference, the presence of widespread pain, oral parafunctions, limitations in jaw function, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and non-specific physical symtoms. Data analysis included Mann-Whitney U-Test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons was also applied (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Sociodemographic data revealed differences in body mass index (BMI), marital status, education level, and employment status (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with higher BMI, greater frequency of single marital status, and higher education level in the Brazilian cohort. The Swedish cohort showed higher levels of pain interference, greater limitations in jaw function, and more frequent widespread pain (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while anxiety levels were higher in the Brazilian cohort (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Characteristic pain intensity, oral parafunctions, depression, and non-specific symptoms did not differ between cohorts (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). There were both differences and similarities in psychological and sociodemographic factors between the two TMD cohorts in Brazil and Sweden. The comprehensive assessment of TMD diagnoses, psychosocial and demographic characteristics may help to guide TMD care and future research in countries with different socioeconomic contexts.</p>