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<p>The escalating issues of water pollution, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, pose a significant threat to both environmental and public health. In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) via thermal polymerization at varying reaction times, and its photocatalytic degradation and biocompatibility properties were systematically evaluated. Comprehensive structural, morphological, functional, and optical analyses were performed on the synthesized materials. The crystallite size and band gap of the photocatalyst ranged from 3.31&#xa0;nm to 4.3&#xa0;nm and 2.78 to 2.85&#xa0;eV, respectively. The findings indicated a reduction in both dislocation density and micro-strain with increasing reaction time. These parameters significantly influenced the photocatalytic performance. The electrochemical parameters supported sample prepared at 4&#xa0;h (TU4) with a negative conduction band potential and low charge transfer resistance. Photocatalytic studies for the degradation methylene blue dye were carried out in the sunlight for 1&#xa0;h. Among the samples of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> prepared at 4&#xa0;h, the highest photocatalytic efficiency was achieved, with 99% degradation of methylene blue (MB) under optimized conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis confirmed 96.54% mineralization, highlighting the material’s potential for effective wastewater treatment. The results emphasize a strong correlation between annealing duration and photocatalytic activity, offering key insights for the rational design and optimization of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based photocatalyst to ensure their environmental safety. The biological impact of synthesized g- C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles was also assessed. Treatment of human lung epithelial cell lines (NCI H23 cells) with different concentrations of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles for 24&#xa0;h showed no significant cytotoxicity, confirming their biocompatibility.</p>

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Thiourea-derived g-C3N4 with time-tuned properties for efficient dye degradation and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Helly Parmar,
  • Krupa Majethia,
  • Jinal Patel,
  • Devanshi Soni,
  • Jyoti V. Thaikoottathil,
  • Neha Taneja,
  • Arunima Nayak,
  • Syed Shahabuddin,
  • Mohammed E. Ali Mohsin,
  • Suleiman Mousa,
  • Rama Gaur

摘要

The escalating issues of water pollution, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth, pose a significant threat to both environmental and public health. In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) via thermal polymerization at varying reaction times, and its photocatalytic degradation and biocompatibility properties were systematically evaluated. Comprehensive structural, morphological, functional, and optical analyses were performed on the synthesized materials. The crystallite size and band gap of the photocatalyst ranged from 3.31 nm to 4.3 nm and 2.78 to 2.85 eV, respectively. The findings indicated a reduction in both dislocation density and micro-strain with increasing reaction time. These parameters significantly influenced the photocatalytic performance. The electrochemical parameters supported sample prepared at 4 h (TU4) with a negative conduction band potential and low charge transfer resistance. Photocatalytic studies for the degradation methylene blue dye were carried out in the sunlight for 1 h. Among the samples of g-C3N4 prepared at 4 h, the highest photocatalytic efficiency was achieved, with 99% degradation of methylene blue (MB) under optimized conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis confirmed 96.54% mineralization, highlighting the material’s potential for effective wastewater treatment. The results emphasize a strong correlation between annealing duration and photocatalytic activity, offering key insights for the rational design and optimization of g-C3N4-based photocatalyst to ensure their environmental safety. The biological impact of synthesized g- C3N4 nanoparticles was also assessed. Treatment of human lung epithelial cell lines (NCI H23 cells) with different concentrations of g-C3N4 nanoparticles for 24 h showed no significant cytotoxicity, confirming their biocompatibility.