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<p>The sustainable retrofitting of heritage buildings presents a unique challenge in aligning environmental performance with cultural preservation. This study proposes an integrated framework combining Lifecycle Assessment (LCA), Circular Economy (CE) evaluation, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to assess Bio-Based retrofitting strategies for historical structures. Three case studies Ganjali Khan Complex (Iran), Bait Al Zubair (Oman), and Al-Balad District (Saudi Arabia) were selected to represent diverse climatic and cultural contexts. Retrofitting scenarios including Traditional, Bio-Based, and Circular-Optimized approaches were compared based on four main criteria: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Circularity Score, Retrofit Cost, and Heritage Compatibility. Bio-Based materials were selected based on low embodied carbon, biodegradability, and local availability. The LCA was performed using MATLAB and international databases (Ecoinvent, OneClick LCA, ICE) to assess embodied emissions of retrofit materials (Modules A1–A3), operational energy use of the building (Module B6), and end-of-life treatment of retrofit materials (Modules C1–C4). The Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) model was used to evaluate circularity performance. Scenario ranking was performed using the TOPSIS method, while ANN modeling predicted the optimal retrofit strategy and conducted sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that the Circular-Optimized retrofit strategy achieves the highest overall sustainability performance across case studies, delivering significant lifecycle CO₂ reductions and long-term cost savings. Over a 50-year assessment period, cumulative CO₂ savings reach up to 720 tons per building, while financial savings range between $80,000 and $95,000. The findings demonstrate that integrating circular principles with bio-based materials can enhance environmental performance without compromising heritage compatibility. The proposed methodology offers a replicable model for sustainable conservation, bridging the gap between architectural heritage and environmental resilience.</p>

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Lifecycle and circular economy assessment of bio based retrofitting strategies for heritage buildings using case studies from Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • By Marjan Ilbeigi,
  • Mohamed Alnejem,
  • Mozhgan Karimi,
  • Samaneh Safaripoor,
  • Farbod Khalili,
  • Elyas Jahanshahi,
  • Yaqoob Al Hindasi

摘要

The sustainable retrofitting of heritage buildings presents a unique challenge in aligning environmental performance with cultural preservation. This study proposes an integrated framework combining Lifecycle Assessment (LCA), Circular Economy (CE) evaluation, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to assess Bio-Based retrofitting strategies for historical structures. Three case studies Ganjali Khan Complex (Iran), Bait Al Zubair (Oman), and Al-Balad District (Saudi Arabia) were selected to represent diverse climatic and cultural contexts. Retrofitting scenarios including Traditional, Bio-Based, and Circular-Optimized approaches were compared based on four main criteria: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Circularity Score, Retrofit Cost, and Heritage Compatibility. Bio-Based materials were selected based on low embodied carbon, biodegradability, and local availability. The LCA was performed using MATLAB and international databases (Ecoinvent, OneClick LCA, ICE) to assess embodied emissions of retrofit materials (Modules A1–A3), operational energy use of the building (Module B6), and end-of-life treatment of retrofit materials (Modules C1–C4). The Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) model was used to evaluate circularity performance. Scenario ranking was performed using the TOPSIS method, while ANN modeling predicted the optimal retrofit strategy and conducted sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that the Circular-Optimized retrofit strategy achieves the highest overall sustainability performance across case studies, delivering significant lifecycle CO₂ reductions and long-term cost savings. Over a 50-year assessment period, cumulative CO₂ savings reach up to 720 tons per building, while financial savings range between $80,000 and $95,000. The findings demonstrate that integrating circular principles with bio-based materials can enhance environmental performance without compromising heritage compatibility. The proposed methodology offers a replicable model for sustainable conservation, bridging the gap between architectural heritage and environmental resilience.